Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life of Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
Eat Behav. 2021 Dec;43:101570. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101570. Epub 2021 Oct 1.
The physiological and metabolic effects of experimental overfeeding have been extensively studied, yet only few studies have assessed overfeeding effects on eating behaviors and psychological constructs. We analyzed two 8-week overfeeding studies, the PROOF Study (N = 25; 16 males; 16 African American; 24.1 years; 25.1 kg/m, inpatient) and the EAT Study (N = 35; 29 males; 20 White; 26.7 years; 25.5 kg/m, free-living). In both studies, participants were overfed 40% above baseline (daily) energy requirements for eight weeks, consuming all meals under direct supervision. We assessed eating attitudes and behaviors, eating disorder symptoms, and body image via validated questionnaires and visual analog scales at baseline, week (W) 4, and W8, and at two (PROOF: W16-Post, W24-Post) and three (EAT: W12-Post, W20-Post, W32-Post) follow-up visits, respectively. Hunger, desire to eat, and food cravings (carbohydrates, total cravings) decreased during overfeeding in both studies (all Cohen's d effect sizes ≥0.3, all p ≤ .048). Depressive symptoms and fear of fatness increased in both studies (all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, p ≤ .020), though they were still within normal limits (t-scores ~43-49). Body dissatisfaction increased in both studies during overfeeding (all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, all p ≤ .044) and remained increased during follow-up (PROOF: W16-Post, Cohen's d = 0.9, p = .004; EAT: W12-Post and W20-Post, all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, all p ≤ .037). Overfeeding was associated with some deleterious effects, though most returned to baseline during follow-up. However, increases in body dissatisfaction remained up to three months post-overfeeding, highlighting the need to address body image disturbance among people who experience weight gain, even if much of the gained weight is subsequently lost. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The PROOF Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00565149); the EAT Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01672632).
实验性过度喂养的生理和代谢影响已得到广泛研究，但仅有少数研究评估了过度喂养对饮食行为和心理结构的影响。我们分析了两项为期 8 周的过度喂养研究，PROOF 研究（N=25；16 名男性；16 名非裔美国人；24.1 岁；25.1kg/m2，住院）和 EAT 研究（N=35；29 名男性；20 名白人；26.7 岁；25.5kg/m2，自由生活）。在这两项研究中，参与者的能量摄入均比基线水平高出 40%（每天），连续 8 周，所有膳食均在直接监督下食用。我们使用经过验证的问卷和视觉模拟量表，在基线、第 4 周（W4）和第 8 周（W8），以及分别在第 2 次（PROOF：W16-随访，W24-随访）和第 3 次（EAT：W12-随访，W20-随访，W32-随访）随访就诊时，评估了饮食态度和行为、饮食失调症状和身体意象。在两项研究中，饥饿感、食欲和食物渴望（碳水化合物、总渴望）均在过度喂养期间下降（所有 Cohen's d 效应大小≥0.3，所有 p≤0.048）。在两项研究中，抑郁症状和对肥胖的恐惧均增加（所有 Cohen's d≥0.4，p≤0.020），尽管仍处于正常范围内（t 评分约为 43-49）。在过度喂养期间，两项研究中的身体不满均增加（所有 Cohen's d≥0.4，所有 p≤0.044），并且在随访期间仍保持增加（PROOF：W16-随访，Cohen's d=0.9，p=0.004；EAT：W12-随访和 W20-随访，所有 Cohen's d≥0.4，所有 p≤0.037）。过度喂养与一些有害影响有关，但大多数在随访期间恢复到基线。然而，即使大部分体重随后减轻，身体不满的增加仍持续了三个月。这突出表明，即使体重增加，但仍需要解决那些经历体重增加的人群的身体意象障碍。试验注册：PROOF 研究（ClinicalTrials.gov 标识符 NCT00565149）；EAT 研究（ClinicalTrials.gov 标识符 NCT01672632）。
