National Elites Foundation, Center For International Science and Technology Cooperation (CISTC), Tehran, Iran.
Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Oct 17;21(1):1872. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11896-1.
There is a lack of scientific literature on the application of fear appeals theories to evaluate lung cancer risk perception among smokers. The aim of the present study is to apply the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) to discover the perception of the smokers about their lifetime risk of developing lung cancer (perceived susceptibility), their perception of lung cancer survival (perceived severity), response efficacy, self-efficacy, and readiness to quit.
In this cross-sectional study, 215 eligible smokers (aged 45 years and over who have smoked at least 1 pack per day in the last 5 years) were recruited. The data collection tool was designed using validate self-report questionnaires and it was contained items on the perceived risk of a smoker contracting lung cancer and perceived lung cancer survival rate. It also had questions to measure the main constructs of the EPPM and Readiness to quit ("Low_Readiness", and "High_Readiness"). To test how the data support conceptual EPPM to data, Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) was used.
Findings showed a significant relationship between Perceived_Susceptibility and Perceived_Response Efficacy; (B = 1.16, P < 0.001); between Perceived_Susceptibility and Perceived_Self Efficacy, (B = -0.93, P < 0.001), Perceived_Severity, and Perceived_Response Efficacy (B = 1.07, P < 0.001). There was also a significant relationship between Perceived_Threat and Perceived_Response Efficacy; between Perceived_Threat and Perceived_Self Efficacy. The relationship between High_Readiness and Perceived_Self Efficacy, and between High_Readiness and Perceived_Severity also were significant. However, the relationships between High_Readiness and Perceived_Threat were not significant (P > 0.05).
Perceived_threat and Perceived_efficacy were important for smokers with low readiness to quit, while Perceived_efficacy was most important for smokers with high readiness to quit. These findings could be used in promoting lung cancer awareness and designing smoking cessation programs based on smokers' stages of change.
目前缺乏将恐惧诉求理论应用于评估吸烟者肺癌风险感知的科学文献。本研究旨在应用扩展平行过程模型（EPPM）来发现吸烟者对其终生患肺癌风险的感知（感知易感性）、对肺癌生存概率的感知（感知严重程度）、反应效果、自我效能感和戒烟意愿。
在这项横断面研究中，共招募了 215 名符合条件的吸烟者（年龄在 45 岁及以上，过去 5 年内每天至少吸 1 包烟）。数据收集工具使用经过验证的自我报告问卷设计，包含有关吸烟者患肺癌风险和肺癌生存率的感知项目。它还包含了用于测量 EPPM 和戒烟意愿的主要构建的问题（“低准备度”和“高准备度”）。为了检验数据如何支持概念性 EPPM 到数据，使用了广义结构方程建模（GSEM）。
研究结果表明，感知易感性与感知反应效果之间存在显著关系（B=1.16，P<0.001）；感知易感性与感知自我效能之间存在显著关系（B=-0.93，P<0.001），感知严重程度与感知反应效果之间存在显著关系（B=1.07，P<0.001）。感知威胁与感知反应效果之间存在显著关系；感知威胁与感知自我效能之间存在显著关系。高准备度与感知自我效能之间存在显著关系，高准备度与感知严重程度之间也存在显著关系。然而，高准备度与感知威胁之间的关系并不显著（P>0.05）。
对于低戒烟意愿的吸烟者来说，感知威胁和感知效果是重要的，而对于高戒烟意愿的吸烟者来说，感知效果是最重要的。这些发现可以用于提高肺癌意识，并根据吸烟者的改变阶段设计戒烟计划。
