University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland.
Department of Public Health & Gerontology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 27;14(1):25667. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77323-8.
Cigarette smoking causes serious complications and diseases in a person's life, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and some cancers, including lung cancer. On the other hand, studies have shown that smokers do not have a real understanding of the health hazards of smoking. This study was conducted to determine the perceived risk of lung cancer and COPD in current smokers. This cross-sectional study which was conducted between January-May 2023, recruited 380 current smokers by convenience sampling in community setting. The data were collected face to face using three questionnaires (1) the risk perception for lung cancer and COPD questionnaire, (2) the smoking stage of change questionnaire, and (3) the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. We examined the relationship between the included variables and the smokers' perceived risk of lung cancer and COPD by using multiple linear regression. We found that lower education (coefficient = 3.60, 95%CI [1.00, 6.19], P < 0.0001) for elementary level and (coefficient = 2.81, 95% CI [0.36, 5.26], P < 0.05) for secondary level had greater lung cancer perceived risk. Besides, smoking age onset for 20 + years (coefficient=-1.36, 95%CI [-2.42, -3.17], P < 0.0001) lower than those who started before the age of 20 were associated with lower perceived risk for lung cancer. Regarding COPD, results indicated that lower education (coefficient = 4.54, 95% CI [1.87, 7.21], p < 0001) for elementary level (coefficient = 3.35, 95% CI [0.83, 5.87], p < 0.001) for secondary level and (coefficient = 3.03, 95% CI[-0.67, 4.25], P < 0.05) for high school dropout, and employment status (coefficient = 3.62, 95% CI[0.66, 6.59], p < 0.05) of employer and (coefficient = 3.23, 95% CI [0.14, 6.33], p < 0.05) for homemaker reported greater perceived risk. This study's results showed that participants' perceived risk was relatively low. It seems necessary to carry out interventions to inform about the harms of smoking and to enhance public awareness about the heightened risks of diseases such as lung cancer and COPD among cigarette smokers.
吸烟会导致严重的并发症和疾病，如慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）和某些癌症，包括肺癌。另一方面，研究表明，吸烟者并没有真正认识到吸烟的健康危害。这项研究旨在确定当前吸烟者对肺癌和 COPD 的感知风险。
本横断面研究于 2023 年 1 月至 5 月期间在社区环境中通过方便抽样招募了 380 名当前吸烟者。通过三个问卷（1）肺癌和 COPD 风险感知问卷、（2）吸烟阶段变化问卷和（3）尼古丁依赖 Fagerström 测试，面对面收集数据。我们通过多元线性回归来检查纳入变量与吸烟者对肺癌和 COPD 感知风险之间的关系。
我们发现，较低的教育程度（系数=3.60，95%CI [1.00, 6.19]，P<0.0001）为小学水平和（系数=2.81，95%CI [0.36, 5.26]，P<0.05）为中学水平，对肺癌的感知风险更高。此外，吸烟年龄在 20 岁及以上（系数=-1.36，95%CI [-2.42, -3.17]，P<0.0001）的人比吸烟年龄在 20 岁以下的人患肺癌的风险更低。
对于 COPD，结果表明，较低的教育程度（系数=4.54，95%CI [1.87, 7.21]，p<0.0001）为小学水平（系数=3.35，95%CI [0.83, 5.87]，p<0.001）为中学水平和（系数=3.03，95%CI[-0.67, 4.25]，P<0.05）为高中辍学，以及就业状况（系数=3.62，95%CI[0.66, 6.59]，P<0.05）为雇主和（系数=3.23，95%CI [0.14, 6.33]，P<0.05）为家庭主妇报告的感知风险更高。
这项研究的结果表明，参与者的感知风险相对较低。似乎有必要开展干预措施，告知吸烟的危害，并提高公众对肺癌和 COPD 等疾病风险的认识，这些疾病在吸烟者中更为普遍。
