Department of Social Work, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Enhancement of Quality of Life, Health Sciences Faculty, University Research Centre 'Institute of AgriFood and Life Sciences', Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece.
Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.
Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2022 Feb;31(1):153-166. doi: 10.1111/inm.12945. Epub 2021 Oct 17.
The aim was to (i) compare the rates of perceived stress, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and other potential correlates (i.e., resilience, social support, coping strategies, and loneliness) in the general population between the two COVID-19 lockdowns in Greece and (ii) explore risk and protective factors of PTSS. Online data were collected amid the first (timepoint 1-T1) and second lockdown (timepoint 2-T2) by 1009 and 352 participants, respectively. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and the Perceived Stress Scale measured levels of PTSS and perceived stress. The Brief Resilience Scale, the COPE, the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument measured resilience, coping strategies, loneliness, and social support, respectively. Higher levels of PTSS and perceived stress were reported during T2, compared to T1. Clinically significant levels of PTSS were presented by 26.1% and 35.5% of the participants during T1 and T2, respectively. Higher levels of loneliness and use of maladaptive coping strategies and lower levels of social support, resilience and use of adaptive coping strategies were also found. During both lockdowns, PTSS were predicted by perceived stress, loneliness, reduced resilience and the coping strategies of denial and self-blame. PTSS were associated with younger age, female gender, being single, not having children, and the evaluation of the pandemic as a crisis. The findings highlight the significant public mental health concerns during the COVID-19 lockdowns. Understanding the risk and protective factors against PTSS and focusing on vulnerable populations should be prioritized by the governments worldwide in the development of evidence-based interventions.
(i) 在希腊的两次 COVID-19 封锁期间，比较普通人群中感知到的压力、创伤后应激症状 (PTSS) 和其他潜在相关因素（即韧性、社会支持、应对策略和孤独感）的发生率；(ii) 探讨 PTSS 的风险和保护因素。通过在线方式在第一次封锁期间（时间点 1-T1）和第二次封锁期间（时间点 2-T2）分别收集了 1009 名和 352 名参与者的数据。使用 PTSD 检查表 DSM-5 和感知压力量表来测量 PTSS 和感知压力的水平。使用简要韧性量表、应对策略量表、修订后的 UCLA 孤独量表和 ENRICHD 社会支持量表来测量韧性、应对策略、孤独感和社会支持。与 T1 相比，T2 期间报告的 PTSS 和感知压力水平更高。在 T1 和 T2 期间，分别有 26.1%和 35.5%的参与者出现了临床显著水平的 PTSS。还发现孤独感水平较高、使用适应性应对策略和社会支持、韧性和使用适应性应对策略水平较低。在两次封锁期间，感知压力、孤独感、韧性降低以及否认和自责等应对策略都可以预测 PTSS。PTSS 与年龄较小、女性、单身、没有孩子以及将大流行评估为危机有关。这些发现强调了 COVID-19 封锁期间公众心理健康的重大问题。了解针对 PTSS 的风险和保护因素并关注弱势群体，应成为世界各国政府制定循证干预措施的优先事项。
