Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet-Keesara Road, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India E-mail:
J Water Health. 2021 Oct;19(5):823-835. doi: 10.2166/wh.2021.094.
Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is considered as a basic human right. Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin (Rural), launched by the Government of India in 2014, is hailed as an attempt towards that direction. On 2nd October 2019, India was declared free from open defecation, with rural households having full toilet coverage. However, despite Government claims, the existing literature indicates the presence of slippage: where households practice open defecation despite having access to toilets. Equating progress in sanitation interventions with mere toilet provision presents a partial assessment of sanitation. To address the gap, the 'Sanitation Well-being' framework, based on Amartya Sen's concept of justice, has been proposed. It identifies slippage as an outcome of various underlying factors across the sanitation life-cycle. The framework provides a lens to analyse existing frameworks and secondary data sets and finds that they do not capture the dynamism inherent in the sector. The efficacy of the framework has been tested in the rural district of Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, India, through the rapid rural appraisal method. Through our investigation, we found that slippage exists in the field, and that the framework is a feasible instrument to assess sanitation as a comprehensive phenomenon.
获得安全饮用水和充足的卫生设施被视为一项基本人权。印度政府于 2014 年发起的“印度农村清洁卫生使命”（Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin）被认为是朝着这个方向的一次尝试。2019 年 10 月 2 日，印度宣布已消除露天排便现象，农村家庭的厕所普及率达到 100%。然而，尽管政府声称取得了进展，但现有文献表明存在滑坡现象：尽管家庭可以使用厕所，但仍有一些家庭选择露天排便。将卫生干预措施的进展仅仅等同于提供厕所，这是对卫生状况的片面评估。为了解决这一差距，提出了基于阿玛蒂亚·森的正义概念的“卫生福祉”框架。该框架将滑坡视为卫生生命周期中各种潜在因素的结果。该框架提供了一个分析现有框架和二手数据集的视角，并发现它们没有捕捉到该领域内在的动态。该框架已在印度北方邦的沙拉斯蒂农村地区通过快速农村评估方法进行了测试。通过我们的调查，我们发现在实地存在滑坡现象，并且该框架是评估卫生作为一个综合现象的可行工具。
