Erichev V P, Khachatryan G K, Khomchik O V
Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia.
Vestn Oftalmol. 2021;137(5. Vyp. 2):268-274. doi: 10.17116/oftalma2021137052268.
Glaucoma is a group of neurodegenerative disorders comprising one of the main causes of irreversible blindness. Glaucoma-related blindness is a globally relevant problem. By now, many aspects of glaucoma pathogenesis have been studied: impact of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) on the development of optic neuropathy, ischemia and reperfusion of the retina, most of the direct mechanisms of neuronal death (excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, etc). However, the only effective glaucoma treatment is lowering the IOP, while early glaucoma diagnosis is based on determining structural and functional retinal defects. Therefore, it is important to emphasize further research on the insufficiently studied aspects of glaucoma pathogenesis - such as neuroinflammation, translaminar pressure, genetic factors, association of glaucomatous damage with changes in the brain, mitochondrial pathologies, and others. The article reviews the most perspective directions in research of the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
青光眼是一组神经退行性疾病，是不可逆性失明的主要原因之一。与青光眼相关的失明是一个全球性的重要问题。到目前为止，青光眼发病机制的许多方面都已得到研究：眼内压升高对视神经病变发展的影响、视网膜的缺血和再灌注、神经元死亡的大多数直接机制（兴奋性毒性、氧化应激等）。然而，青光眼唯一有效的治疗方法是降低眼内压，而青光眼的早期诊断则基于确定视网膜的结构和功能缺陷。因此，重要的是要强调对青光眼发病机制中研究不足的方面进行进一步研究，如神经炎症、跨筛板压力、遗传因素、青光眼性损害与大脑变化的关联、线粒体病变等。本文综述了青光眼性视神经病变发病机制研究中最具前景的方向。
