Calder A L, Robinson P J, Roche A H
Aust N Z J Med. 1986 Aug;16(4):517-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1986.tb02029.x.
Knowledge of the normal intracardiac structures and their variations is essential for interpretation of two-dimensional echocardiography. The anatomical features seen in the standard echocardiographic views have been demonstrated in normal heart specimens. The cardiac chambers and their connections must be identified. Visualisation of the inferior vena caval drainage to the right atrium usually enables its identification. The right ventricle may be distinguished by the more distal attachment of the tricuspid valve compared to the mitral valve and the presence of the moderator band. The pulmonary artery is recognised by its bifurcation, whereas visualisation of the origin of the brachiocephalic arteries or of both coronary arteries from a great artery identifies the aorta. Anatomical variants such as a prominent Eustachian valve of the inferior vena cava in the right atrium and fibromuscular strands or 'heart strings' traversing the left ventricular cavity are frequently visualised on the two-dimensional echocardiograms.
了解正常的心内结构及其变异对于二维超声心动图的解读至关重要。标准超声心动图视图中所见的解剖特征已在正常心脏标本中得到证实。必须识别心腔及其连接。下腔静脉向右心房引流的可视化通常有助于识别右心房。与二尖瓣相比，三尖瓣附着位置更远以及存在节制索可将右心室区分出来。肺动脉可通过其分叉来识别，而从大动脉可视化头臂动脉或冠状动脉的起源则可识别主动脉。解剖变异，如下腔静脉在右心房的显著欧氏瓣以及穿过左心室腔的纤维肌束或“心索”，在二维超声心动图上经常可见。
