Estimated Risk of Radiation-Induced Cancer after Thymoma Treatments with Proton- or X-ray Beams.

We compared the calculated risks of radiation-induced secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) for patients treated for thymic tumors with 3D-CRT, IMRT, or single-field uniform dose (SFUD) proton beam therapy (PBT) using the pencil beam scanning (PBS) technique. A cancer-induction model based on the organ equivalent dose (OED) concept was used. For twelve patients, treated with 3D-CRT for thymic tumors, alternative IMRT and SFUD plans were retrospectively prepared. The resulting DVHs for organs at risk (OARs) were extracted and used to estimate the risk of SMNs. The OED was calculated using a mechanistic model for carcinoma induction. Two limit cases were considered; the linear-exponential model, in which the repopulation/repair of the cells is neglected, and the plateau model, in which full repopulation/repair of the irradiated cells is assumed. The calculated risks for SMNs for the different radiation modalities and dose-relation models were used to calculate relative risks, which were compared pairwise. The risks for developing SMNs were reduced for all OARs, and for both dose-relation models, if SFUD was used, compared to 3D-CRT and IMRT. In conclusion, PBS shows a potential benefit to reduce the risk of SMNs compared to 3D-CRT and IMRT in the treatment of thymic tumors.