Ailioaie Laura Marinela, Ailioaie Constantin, Litscher Gerhard
Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
President of ISLA (International Society for Medical Laser Applications), Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria.
Pharmaceutics. 2021 Sep 26;13(10):1562. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101562.
In the context of the high incidence of cancer worldwide, state-of-the-art photodynamic therapy (PDT) has entered as a usual protocol of attempting to eradicate cancer as a minimally invasive procedure, along with pharmacological resources and radiation therapy. The photosensitizer (PS) excited at certain wavelengths of the applied light source, in the presence of oxygen releases several free radicals and various oxidation products with high cytotoxic potential, which will lead to cell death in irradiated cancerous tissues. Current research focuses on the potential of natural products as a superior generation of photosensitizers, which through the latest nanotechnologies target tumors better, are less toxic to neighboring tissues, but at the same time, have improved light absorption for the more aggressive and widespread forms of cancer. Curcumin incorporated into nanotechnologies has a higher intracellular absorption, a higher targeting rate, increased toxicity to tumor cells, accelerates the activity of caspases and DNA cleavage, decreases the mitochondrial activity of cancer cells, decreases their viability and proliferation, decreases angiogenesis, and finally induces apoptosis. It reduces the size of the primary tumor, reverses multidrug resistance in chemotherapy and decreases resistance to radiation therapy in neoplasms. Current research has shown that the use of PDT and nanoformulations of curcumin has a modulating effect on ROS generation, so light or laser irradiation will lead to excessive ROS growth, while nanocurcumin will reduce the activation of ROS-producing enzymes or will determine the quick removal of ROS, seemingly opposite but synergistic phenomena by inducing neoplasm apoptosis, but at the same time, accelerating the repair of nearby tissue. The latest curcumin nanoformulations have a huge potential to optimize PDT, to overcome major side effects, resistance to chemotherapy, relapses and metastases. All the studies reviewed and presented revealed great potential for the applicability of nanoformulations of curcumin and PDT in cancer therapy.
在全球癌症高发的背景下，先进的光动力疗法（PDT）已成为一种常规治疗方案，与药物治疗和放射治疗一起，作为一种微创程序试图根除癌症。在氧气存在的情况下，光敏剂（PS）在特定波长的应用光源激发下会释放出几种具有高细胞毒性潜力的自由基和各种氧化产物，这将导致受照射癌组织中的细胞死亡。当前的研究集中在天然产物作为新一代优质光敏剂的潜力上，通过最新的纳米技术，它们能更好地靶向肿瘤，对邻近组织的毒性较小，但同时，对于更具侵袭性和扩散性的癌症形式，其光吸收能力有所提高。纳入纳米技术的姜黄素具有更高的细胞内吸收率、更高的靶向率、对肿瘤细胞的毒性增加、加速半胱天冬酶的活性和DNA裂解、降低癌细胞的线粒体活性、降低其活力和增殖、减少血管生成，最终诱导细胞凋亡。它能缩小原发性肿瘤的大小，逆转化疗中的多药耐药性，并降低肿瘤对放射治疗的抗性。当前的研究表明，使用PDT和姜黄素纳米制剂对活性氧（ROS）的产生具有调节作用，因此光或激光照射会导致ROS过度增长，而纳米姜黄素会降低产生ROS的酶的活性，或促使ROS快速清除，这两种看似相反但具有协同作用的现象会诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，但同时加速附近组织的修复。最新的姜黄素纳米制剂在优化PDT、克服主要副作用、化疗耐药性、复发和转移方面具有巨大潜力。所有综述和呈现的研究都揭示了姜黄素纳米制剂和PDT在癌症治疗中的应用具有巨大潜力。
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