Airaksinen M M, Peura P, Antere S
Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1986;9:406-9. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-71248-7_81.
Iceland lichen (Cetraria islandica) is sold in health food stores to prevent various disorders. In olden times it and sometimes also reindeer lichen (Cladonia sp.) have been used as emergency food. Lichen contains bitter and potentially toxic lichen acids and it also concentrates heavy metals. Therefore lichen toxicity was studied with traditional pretreatment methods (boiling, ash-soaking or both). Untreated and only shortly boiled lichens were lethally toxic to mice in 50 and 25% w/w mixtures in food, but when ash-soaking was added mice tolerated Cetraria (but not Cladonia) reasonably well for 3 weeks. In a 3 month test in rats 25% mixture of Cladonia was tolerated well and blood tests were normal at the end. However, urinary protein was increased, the autopsies revealed kidney changes corresponding to a mild heavy metal poisoning, as the lead concentrations in kidney and lichen were high.
冰岛地衣（冰岛石蕊）在保健食品商店出售，用于预防各种疾病。在古代，它以及有时还有驯鹿地衣（石蕊属）被用作应急食物。地衣含有苦味且可能有毒的地衣酸，还会富集重金属。因此，人们用传统预处理方法（煮沸、灰浸或两者皆用）研究了地衣毒性。未经处理和仅短时间煮沸的地衣，在食物中以50%和25%（w/w）的混合物比例时，对小鼠具有致命毒性，但添加灰浸处理后，小鼠对冰岛石蕊（但对石蕊属不行）能在3周内有较好的耐受性。在对大鼠进行的为期3个月的试验中，25%的石蕊属地衣混合物耐受性良好，试验结束时血液检测正常。然而，尿蛋白增加，尸检显示肾脏变化符合轻度重金属中毒，因为肾脏和地衣中的铅浓度很高。
