School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Jul;127:10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.003. Epub 2021 Oct 22.
A critical stage in the development of all vertebrate embryos is the generation of the body plan and its subsequent patterning and regionalisation along the main anterior-posterior axis. This includes the formation of the vertebral axial skeleton. Its organisation begins during early embryonic development with the periodic formation of paired blocks of mesoderm tissue called somites. Here, we review axial patterning of somites, with a focus on studies using amniote model systems - avian and mouse. We summarise the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate paraxial mesoderm and review how the different anatomical regions of the vertebral column acquire their specific identity and thus shape the body plan. We also discuss the generation of organoids and embryo-like structures from embryonic stem cells, which provide insights regarding axis formation and promise to be useful for disease modelling.
所有脊椎动物胚胎发育的关键阶段是身体计划的产生，以及随后沿着主要的前-后轴进行的模式化和区域化。这包括脊椎轴向骨骼的形成。其组织开始于胚胎早期发育过程中，周期性地形成称为体节的成对的中胚层组织块。在这里，我们回顾了体节的轴向模式化，重点研究了使用羊膜动物模型系统 - 鸟类和小鼠的研究。我们总结了产生轴旁中胚层的分子和细胞机制，并回顾了脊柱的不同解剖区域如何获得其特定的身份，从而塑造身体计划。我们还讨论了从胚胎干细胞中生成类器官和胚胎样结构的问题，这为轴形成提供了深入的了解，并有望对疾病建模有用。
