Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
Food Control Division, Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
Food Environ Virol. 2022 Mar;14(1):69-76. doi: 10.1007/s12560-021-09503-y. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
To observe the prevalence of contamination by hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus (NoV) in different food types, 9242 samples were analyzed over a 6-year period (January 2014-December 2019). Samples were from routine official activities by Competent Authorities (CAs) and Food Business Operators, according to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points plans. Analyses were performed in accordance with European and Italian regulations. Food types were obtained from different production areas of Italy, and ranged from mollusks, ready-to-eat (RTE) and packaged vegetables, frozen berries, tap water, fruit and RTE fruit salads, and processed and preserved foods. No risk management plans were set by the authors' laboratory, because they were still adopted by conferring customers. Analyses were conducted according to ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 (ISO in Part 2: Method for Qualitative Detection. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2013). The data showed that 2.25% (95% CI: 2.0-2.6) of samples were contaminated by at least one virus type, and that the most detected pathogen was NoV GII (89.50% of all positives). Mollusks (filter-feeding animals) were the most contaminated category (92.31% of all positives) not only by NoV or HAV individually, but also by multiple HAV/NoV contaminations consisting of 22.59% of all positives. For NoV, there was a significant correlation between shellfish positivity and season, with the autumn-winter period being the most associated with risk. Conversely, berries, drinking water and RTE vegetables, previously linked to several outbreaks, showed a low rate of contamination. These results from data collection have implications for the improvement of sampling plans for HAV and NoV by Italian CAs, and by food-producing and distribution operators. Moreover, these findings obtained by a standardized qualitative method contribute the collection of data aimed at establishing new microbiological criteria not yet foreseen (but advocated) by current European rules.
为了观察甲型肝炎病毒 (HAV) 和诺如病毒 (NoV) 在不同食品类型中的污染流行情况，在 6 年期间（2014 年 1 月至 2019 年 12 月）对 9242 个样本进行了分析。样本来自主管当局（CA）和食品企业经营者根据危害分析和关键控制点计划进行的例行官方活动。分析按照欧洲和意大利法规进行。食品类型来自意大利不同的生产区域，包括贝类、即食 (RTE) 和包装蔬菜、冷冻浆果、自来水、水果和 RTE 水果沙拉以及加工和保存食品。由于作者的实验室仍在采用授权客户的方式，因此未制定风险管理计划。根据 ISO/TS 15216-2:2013（第 2 部分：定性检测方法。国际标准化组织，日内瓦，2013 年）进行了分析。数据显示，至少有 2.25%（95%CI：2.0-2.6）的样本受到至少一种病毒类型的污染，且检测到的最主要病原体是 NoV GII（所有阳性样本的 89.50%）。贝类（滤食动物）是受污染最严重的类别（所有阳性样本的 92.31%），不仅单独受到 NoV 或 HAV 的污染，而且还受到包含 22.59%所有阳性样本的多种 HAV/NoV 污染。对于 NoV，贝类阳性与季节之间存在显著相关性，秋冬季与风险相关性最大。相反，先前与几起暴发相关的浆果、饮用水和即食蔬菜的污染率较低。这些从数据收集得出的结果对意大利 CA 以及食品生产和分销经营者改进 HAV 和 NoV 的采样计划具有意义。此外，这些通过标准化定性方法获得的发现有助于收集旨在建立新的微生物标准的数据，这些标准尚未被现行欧洲法规预见（但提倡）。
