Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, Poland.
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2021;80(4):766-775. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0109. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
The dynamic development of studies on neuroglia in recent years indicates its previously underestimated role in maintaining proper brain function, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The use of modern research methods such as single-cell techniques as well as in vivo and in vitro models enriched the state of our knowledge. The most important issues regarding the maturation and development of neuroglia include cooperation between glial cell groups and with neurons in neurogenesis, neuroregeneration, (re)myelination and how the early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. There is still growing evidence emphasizing the importance of astroglia in maintaining the brain physiological homeostasis, regulation of immune response, cerebral blood flow, and involvement in the reactive neurogliosis, precisely adapted to the nature of pathological stimulus and the depth of tissue damage. The important issues related to the function of oligodendrocytes include explanation of the mechanisms of interaction between the glial cells and myelinated axons, important not only in myelination, but also in development of cognitive processes and memory. Further studies are required for understanding the mechanisms of demyelination occurring in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. An interesting area of research is related with explanation of the NG2 glia function, characterised by significant proliferative potential and ability to differentiate in both in physiological conditions and in pathology, as well as the presence of synaptic neural-glial connections, which are especially numerous during development. The increasing knowledge of microglia comprises the presence of specialised subsets of microglia, their role the myelination process and neurovascular unit functioning. We are only beginning to understand how microglia enter the brain and develop distinct functional states during ontogeny. This review summarises the current state of knowledge on the development and role in the CNS of different, heterogeneous cell populations defined by a common term neuroglia.
近年来，神经胶质细胞的研究动态表明，它在维持正常大脑功能方面的作用此前被低估了，无论是在生理还是病理条件下。使用单细胞技术以及体内和体外模型等现代研究方法丰富了我们的知识。关于神经胶质细胞的成熟和发育的最重要问题包括胶质细胞群体之间的合作以及与神经元在神经发生、神经再生、（再）髓鞘形成中的合作，以及早期发育阶段的胶质细胞如何在神经发育和神经退行性疾病中导致神经系统功能障碍。越来越多的证据强调了星形胶质细胞在维持大脑生理稳态、调节免疫反应、脑血流以及参与反应性神经胶质增生方面的重要性，这种增生是精确适应病理刺激的性质和组织损伤的深度的。与少突胶质细胞功能相关的重要问题包括解释胶质细胞和髓鞘轴突之间相互作用的机制，这些机制不仅在髓鞘形成中很重要，而且在认知过程和记忆的发展中也很重要。需要进一步的研究来理解发生在几种中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病中的脱髓鞘机制。一个有趣的研究领域与 NG2 胶质细胞的功能有关，其特点是具有显著的增殖潜力和在生理条件和病理学条件下分化的能力，以及存在突触神经胶质连接，这些连接在发育过程中尤其丰富。对小胶质细胞的不断深入了解包括存在专门的小胶质细胞亚群，以及它们在髓鞘形成过程和神经血管单元功能中的作用。我们才刚刚开始理解小胶质细胞是如何进入大脑并在个体发育过程中发展出不同的功能状态的。这篇综述总结了目前关于不同的、异质的细胞群体（定义为共同的术语神经胶质细胞）在中枢神经系统中的发育和作用的知识现状。
