Orlando Elena, Johannesson Gudlaugur, Moskalenko Igor V, Porter Troy A, Strong Andrew
Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
Nucl Part Phys Proc. 2018 Apr;297-299:129-134. doi: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2018.07.020. Epub 2018 Oct 25.
Information on cosmic-ray (CR) composition comes from direct CR measurements while their distribution in the Galaxy is evaluated from observations of their associated diffuse emission in the range from radio to gamma rays. Even though the main interaction processes are identified, more and more precise observations provide an opportunity to study more subtle effects and pose a challenge to the propagation models. GALPROP is a sophisticated CR propagation code that is being developed for about 20 years. It provides a unified framework for interpretations of data from many different types of experiments. It is used for a description of direct CR measurements and associated interstellar emissions (radio to gamma rays), thereby providing important information about CR injection and propagation in the interstellar medium. By accounting for all relevant observables at a time, the GALPROP code brings together theoretical predictions, interpretation of the most recent observations, and helps to reveal the signatures of new phenomena. In this paper we review latest applications of GALPROP and address ongoing and near future improvements. We are discussing effects of different propagation models, and of the transition from cylindrically symmetrical models to a proper 3D description of the components of the interstellar medium and the source distribution.
关于宇宙射线（CR）成分的信息来自于对宇宙射线的直接测量，而它们在银河系中的分布则是通过对从射电到伽马射线范围内相关漫射发射的观测来评估的。尽管主要的相互作用过程已被确定，但越来越精确的观测为研究更细微的效应提供了机会，也对传播模型提出了挑战。GALPROP是一个复杂的宇宙射线传播代码，已经开发了约20年。它为解释来自许多不同类型实验的数据提供了一个统一的框架。它用于描述宇宙射线的直接测量以及相关的星际发射（从射电到伽马射线），从而提供有关宇宙射线在星际介质中注入和传播的重要信息。通过同时考虑所有相关的可观测物，GALPROP代码将理论预测、对最新观测结果的解释结合在一起，并有助于揭示新现象的特征。在本文中，我们回顾了GALPROP的最新应用，并讨论了正在进行的和近期的改进。我们正在讨论不同传播模型的影响，以及从柱对称模型到对星际介质成分和源分布进行适当三维描述的转变。
