Dimitrov Dimitar, Benavides Ligia R, Arnedo Miquel A, Giribet Gonzalo, Griswold Charles E, Scharff Nikolaj, Hormiga Gustavo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
Cladistics. 2017 Jun;33(3):221-250. doi: 10.1111/cla.12165. Epub 2016 May 2.
We test the limits of the spider superfamily Araneoidea and reconstruct its interfamilial relationships using standard molecular markers. The taxon sample (363 terminals) comprises for the first time representatives of all araneoid families, including the first molecular data of the family Synaphridae. We use the resulting phylogenetic framework to study web evolution in araneoids. Araneoidea is monophyletic and sister to Nicodamoidea rank. n. Orbiculariae are not monophyletic and also include the RTA clade, Oecobiidae and Hersiliidae. Deinopoidea is paraphyletic with respect to a lineage that includes the RTA clade, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae. The cribellate orb-weaving family Uloboridae is monophyletic and is sister group to a lineage that includes the RTA Clade, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae. The monophyly of most Araneoidea families is well supported, with a few exceptions. Anapidae includes holarchaeids but the family remains diphyletic even if Holarchaea is considered an anapid. The orb-web is ancient, having evolved by the early Jurassic; a single origin of the orb with multiple "losses" is implied by our analyses. By the late Jurassic, the orb-web had already been transformed into different architectures, but the ancestors of the RTA clade probably built orb-webs. We also find further support for a single origin of the cribellum and multiple independent losses. The following taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are proposed: the cribellate and ecribellate nicodamids are grouped in the superfamily Nicodamoidea rank n. (Megadictynidae rank res. and Nicodamidae stat. n.). Araneoidea includes 17 families with the following changes: Araneidae is re-circumscribed to include nephilines, Nephilinae rank res., Arkyidae rank n., Physoglenidae rank n., Synotaxidae is limited to the genus Synotaxus, Pararchaeidae is a junior synonym of Malkaridae (syn. n.), Holarchaeidae of Anapidae (syn. n.) and Sinopimoidae of Linyphiidae (syn. n.).
我们测试了蜘蛛超科园蛛总科的界限，并使用标准分子标记重建了其科间关系。分类单元样本（363个终端）首次包含了所有园蛛总科家族的代表，包括合螯蛛科的首个分子数据。我们利用由此产生的系统发育框架来研究园蛛总科的蛛网进化。园蛛总科是单系的，是尼科达莫蛛总科的姐妹分类单元。圆形织网蛛类不是单系的，还包括RTA分支、巢蛛科和希氏蛛科。栉足蛛总科相对于一个包括RTA分支、希氏蛛科和巢蛛科的谱系是并系的。有筛器的圆网蛛科（Uloboridae）是单系的，是一个包括RTA分支、希氏蛛科和巢蛛科的谱系的姐妹群。大多数园蛛总科家族的单系性得到了有力支持，但也有一些例外。园蛛科包括古园蛛类，但即使将古园蛛属视为园蛛科的一员，该科仍然是双系的。圆网是古老的，在侏罗纪早期就已经进化出来；我们的分析表明圆网有一个单一的起源，并伴随着多次“丢失”。到侏罗纪晚期，圆网已经演变成不同的结构，但RTA分支的祖先可能建造圆网。我们还进一步支持了筛器的单一起源和多次独立丢失。提出了以下分类和命名变化：有筛器和无筛器的尼科达莫蛛类被归入尼科达莫蛛总科（新分类等级）（巨型网蛛科等级修订，尼科达莫蛛科新地位）。园蛛总科包括17个科，有以下变化：园蛛科重新界定以包括络新妇类，络新妇科等级修订；弧蛛科新分类等级；肿额蛛科新分类等级；合句法蛛科仅限于合句法蛛属；原古蛛科是马尔卡蛛科的次异名（同义名）；古园蛛科是园蛛科的次异名（同义名）；中华微蛛科是微蛛科的次异名（同义名）。
