Lopardo Lara, Giribet Gonzalo, Hormiga Gustavo
Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Cladistics. 2011 Jun;27(3):278-330. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00332.x. Epub 2010 Sep 21.
The limits and the interfamilial relationships of the minute orb-weaving symphytognathoid spiders have remained contentious and poorly understood. The circumscription and diagnosis of the symphytognathoid family Mysmenidae have always been elusive, and its monophyly has never been thoroughly tested. We combine sequence data from six genes with a morphological dataset in a total-evidence phylogenetic analysis (ca. 6100 characters, 109 taxa: 74 mysmenids), and explore the phylogenetic signal of the combined dataset, individual genes, and gene combinations with different parsimony methods and model-based approaches. Several support values and parameter-sensitivity schemes are explored to assess stability of clades. Mysmenidae monophyly is supported by ca. 20 morphological and ca. 420 molecular synapomorphies. Mysmenidae is monophyletic under all combined analyses that include morphology. Almost no gene or gene combination supports Mysmenidae monophyly. Symphytognathoids are delimited to include: (Theridiosomatidae (Mysmenidae (Synaphridae (Anapidae + Symphytognathidae)))). Micropholcommatids are a lineage nested within the anapid clade and thus are synonymized with Anapidae (Micropholcommatinae New Rank). We provide morphological diagnoses for all symphytognathoid families and discuss the behavioural evolutionary implications of our hypotheses of relationships. The planar orb web evolved independently twice from three-dimensional webs. The orb web was modified into sheet or cobwebs three times independently. The spherical mysmenine web has a single origin. Kleptoparasitism evolved once in mysmenids. We comment on the discrepancies and lack of resolving power of the molecular datasets relative to the morphological signal, and discuss the relevance of morphology in inferring the total-evidence phylogenetic pattern of relationships. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
微小圆网蛛类近亲蛛科蜘蛛的界限及其家族间关系一直存在争议且鲜为人知。近亲蛛科的界定和诊断一直难以捉摸，其单系性从未得到彻底检验。我们将来自六个基因的序列数据与一个形态学数据集相结合，进行全证据系统发育分析（约6100个字符，109个分类单元：74个近亲蛛科物种），并使用不同的简约法和基于模型的方法探索组合数据集、单个基因以及基因组合的系统发育信号。我们探索了几种支持值和参数敏感性方案，以评估分支的稳定性。近亲蛛科的单系性得到了约20个形态学和约420个分子共衍征的支持。在所有包含形态学的组合分析中，近亲蛛科都是单系的。几乎没有基因或基因组合支持近亲蛛科的单系性。圆网蛛类的界定包括：（褛网蛛科（近亲蛛科（合蛛科（暗蛛科 + 微蛛科））））。微光蛛科是嵌套在暗蛛科分支内的一个谱系，因此与暗蛛科同义（新阶元微光蛛亚科）。我们为所有圆网蛛类家族提供了形态学诊断，并讨论了我们的亲缘关系假说的行为进化意义。平面圆网从三维网独立进化了两次。圆网独立地三次演变成片状或蛛网状。球形近亲蛛亚科的网有单一的起源。盗寄生行为在近亲蛛科中进化了一次。我们评论了分子数据集相对于形态学信号的差异和缺乏解析力的情况，并讨论了形态学在推断关系的全证据系统发育模式中的相关性。© 威利·亨尼希协会2010年。
