Sharma Yogesh, Saini Adesh K, Kashyap Sheetal, Chandan Gourav, Kaur Narinder, Gupta Vijai Kumar, Thakur Vijay Kumar, Saini Vipin, Saini Reena V
Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Central Research Cell, MM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, 133207, Haryana, India.
Immunol Res. 2022 Feb;70(1):1-18. doi: 10.1007/s12026-021-09247-8. Epub 2021 Oct 29.
Around 2200 miRNA (microRNA) genes were found in the human genome. miRNAs are arranged in clusters within the genome and share the same transcriptional regulatory units. It has been revealed that approximately 50% of miRNAs elucidated in the genome are transcribed from non-protein-coding genes, and the leftover miRNAs are present in the introns of coding sequences. We are now approaching a stage in which miRNA diagnostics and therapies can be established confidently, and several commercial efforts are underway to carry these innovations from the bench to the clinic. MiRNAs control many of the significant cellular activities such as production, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. Particularly in the immune system, miRNAs have emerged as a crucial biological component during diseased state and homeostasis. miRNAs have been found to regulate inflammatory responses and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, each miRNA targets multiple genes simultaneously, making miRNAs promising tools as diagnostic biomarkers and as remedial targets. Still, one of the major obstacles in miRNA-based approaches is the achievement of specific and efficient systemic delivery of miRNAs. To overcome these challenges, nanoformulations have been synthesized to protect miRNAs from degradation and enhance cellular uptake. The current review deals with the miRNA-mediated regulation of the recruitment and activation of immune cells, especially in the tumor microenvironment, viral infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. The nano-based miRNA delivery modes are also discussed here, especially in the context of immune modulation.
在人类基因组中发现了约2200个微小RNA（miRNA）基因。miRNA在基因组中呈簇状排列，并共享相同的转录调控单元。据揭示，基因组中已阐明的miRNA约50%是从非蛋白质编码基因转录而来的，其余的miRNA则存在于编码序列的内含子中。我们现在正接近一个可以自信地建立miRNA诊断和治疗方法的阶段，并且有几项商业努力正在进行中，以将这些创新从实验室推向临床。miRNA控制着许多重要的细胞活动，如产生、分化、生长和代谢。特别是在免疫系统中，miRNA已成为疾病状态和体内平衡期间的关键生物成分。已发现miRNA可调节炎症反应和自身免疫性疾病。此外，每个miRNA同时靶向多个基因，这使得miRNA成为有前景的诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点。然而，基于miRNA的方法的主要障碍之一是实现miRNA的特异性和高效全身递送。为了克服这些挑战，已经合成了纳米制剂以保护miRNA不被降解并增强细胞摄取。本综述探讨了miRNA介导的免疫细胞募集和激活的调节，特别是在肿瘤微环境、病毒感染、炎症和自身免疫中的调节。本文还讨论了基于纳米的miRNA递送模式，特别是在免疫调节的背景下。
