Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2022;22(8):1131-1151. doi: 10.2174/1389557521666211101162030.
Different biological methods based on bioactivity are available to detect cyanotoxins, including neurotoxicity, immunological interactions, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity. The mouse bioassay is the first test employed in laboratory cultures, cell extracts, and water bloom materials to detect toxins. It is also used as a traditional method to estimate the LD50. Concerning the ease of access and low cost, it is the most common method for this purpose. In this method, a sample is injected intraperitoneally into adult mice, and accordingly, they are assayed and monitored for about 24 hours for toxic symptoms. The toxin can be detected using this method from minutes to a few hours; its type, e.g., hepatotoxin, neurotoxin, etc., can also be determined. However, this method is nonspecific, fails to detect low amounts, and cannot distinguish between homologues. Although the mouse bioassay is gradually replaced with new chemical and immunological methods, it is still the main technique to detect the bioactivity and efficacy of cyanotoxins using LD50 determined based on the survival time of animals exposed to the toxin. In addition, some countries oppose animal use in toxicity studies. However, high cost, ethical considerations, low-sensitivity, non-specificity, and prolonged processes persuade researchers to employ chemical and functional analysis techniques. The qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, are among the advantages of cytotoxicity tests to investigate cyanotoxins. The present study aimed at reviewing the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo investigations of the mouse bioassay to detect cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, etc.
有多种基于生物活性的生物学方法可用于检测蓝藻毒素，包括神经毒性、免疫相互作用、肝毒性、细胞毒性和酶活性。小鼠生物测定法是在实验室培养物、细胞提取物和水华材料中首次用于检测毒素的测试方法。它也被用作传统方法来估计 LD50。鉴于其易于获取和低成本，它是最常用的方法。在这种方法中，将样品注射到成年小鼠的腹腔内，然后对其进行分析和监测大约 24 小时，以观察毒性症状。使用这种方法可以在几分钟到几个小时内检测到毒素；还可以确定其类型，例如肝毒素、神经毒素等。然而，这种方法不具有特异性，无法检测低浓度的毒素，也无法区分同系物。尽管小鼠生物测定法逐渐被新的化学和免疫学方法所取代，但它仍然是使用基于动物接触毒素后的存活时间来确定 LD50 来检测蓝藻毒素生物活性和功效的主要技术。此外，一些国家反对在毒性研究中使用动物。然而，高成本、伦理考虑、低灵敏度、非特异性和冗长的过程促使研究人员采用化学和功能分析技术。细胞毒性测试在调查蓝藻毒素方面具有定性和定量分析以及高特异性和灵敏度等优点。本研究旨在回顾小鼠生物测定法检测蓝藻毒素（包括微囊藻毒素、节旋藻毒素、石房蛤毒素等）的体内和体外研究结果。
