Adam Stuart, Browne James, Phillips David, Roantree Barra
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London, England.
Tony Blair Institute for Global Change (TBI), London, England.
Int Tax Public Financ. 2021;28(3):612-653. doi: 10.1007/s10797-020-09619-0. Epub 2020 Aug 19.
We exploit kinks and notches in the UK personal tax schedule over a 40-year period to investigate how taxpayers respond to income tax and social security contributions. At kinks, where the marginal rate rises, we find bunching by company owner-managers and the self-employed, but not those with only employment income. Responses to notches, where the average rate rises, provide compelling evidence that this is because most employees face substantial frictions: fewer than a quarter bunch even where doing so would increase both consumption and leisure. We develop a new approach for identifying selection in who responds and for decomposing responses into hours and wage components. We find that those employees who do bunch at notches are almost exclusively part-time workers, but tend to have lower wages and work more hours than those part-time workers who do not bunch.
我们利用40年间英国个人税收制度中的弯折点和缺口来研究纳税人如何应对所得税和社会保障缴款。在边际税率上升的弯折点处，我们发现公司所有者经理人和个体经营者会出现收入集中现象，但仅有就业收入的人则不会。对平均税率上升的缺口的反应提供了令人信服的证据，表明这是因为大多数员工面临着巨大的摩擦：即使这样做会增加消费和休闲，也只有不到四分之一的人会出现收入集中。我们开发了一种新方法，用于确定做出反应的人群中的选择情况，并将反应分解为工作时长和工资组成部分。我们发现，那些在缺口处出现收入集中的员工几乎全是兼职工人，但他们的工资往往低于那些没有出现收入集中的兼职工人，且工作时长更长。
