Jaramillo Ortiz Sarahi, Howsam Michael, van Aken Elisabeth H, Delanghe Joris R, Boulanger Eric, Tessier Frédéric J
University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 1167 - RID-AGE, Lille, France.
Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2022 Mar;59(2):125-141. doi: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1991882. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
Diagnostic, monitoring, response, predictive, risk, and prognostic biomarkers of disease are all widely studied, for the most part in biological fluids or tissues, but there is steadily growing interest in alternative matrices such as nails. Here we comprehensively review studies dealing with molecular or elemental biomarkers of disease, as opposed to semiological, pharmacological, toxicological, or biomonitoring studies. Nails have a long history of use in medicine as indicators of pathological processes and have also been used extensively as a matrix for monitoring exposure to environmental pollution. Nail clippings are simple to collect noninvasively as well as to transport and store, and the matrix itself is relatively stable. Nails incorporate, and are influenced by, circulating molecules and elements over their several months of growth, and it is widely held that markers of biological processes will remain in the nail, even when their levels in blood have declined. Nails thus offer the possibility to not only look back into a subject's metabolic history but also to study biomarkers of processes that operate over a longer time scale such as the post-translational modification of proteins. Reports on ungual biomarkers of metabolic and endocrine diseases, cancer, and psychological and neurological disorders will be presented, and an overview of the sampling and analytical techniques provided.
疾病的诊断、监测、反应、预测、风险和预后生物标志物都得到了广泛研究，大部分研究集中在生物体液或组织中，但人们对指甲等替代基质的兴趣正在稳步增长。在这里，我们全面回顾了与疾病的分子或元素生物标志物相关的研究，而非符号学、药理学、毒理学或生物监测研究。指甲在医学上作为病理过程指标的使用历史悠久，也被广泛用作监测环境污染暴露的基质。指甲剪易于无创采集、运输和储存，而且基质本身相对稳定。指甲在其数月的生长过程中会纳入并受循环分子和元素的影响，人们普遍认为生物过程的标志物即使在血液中的水平下降后仍会留在指甲中。因此，指甲不仅提供了回顾受试者代谢历史的可能性，还提供了研究在较长时间尺度上发生的过程（如蛋白质的翻译后修饰）的生物标志物的可能性。本文将介绍关于代谢和内分泌疾病、癌症以及心理和神经疾病的指甲生物标志物的报告，并概述采样和分析技术。
