The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
Dis Aquat Organ. 2021 Nov 4;147:13-23. doi: 10.3354/dao03635.
Perkinsus sp. protozoans are parasites of a wide variety of molluscs around the world and are responsible for episodes of mass mortalities and large economic losses for aquaculture industries and fisheries. The first step towards the management of infectious episodes is the reliable detection of Perkinsus species. While historic methods for diagnosis of Perkinsus sp. infections in mollusc hosts include histological, in vitro, molecular-genetic, and immunoassays, antibody-based diagnostic assays may prove most practical with development of improved reagents and techniques. This paper reviews historic developments of antibodies against Perkinsus species, and of diagnostic immunoassays. Thirteen research papers reported the development of antibodies against Perkinsus sp. or their extracellular products, mainly P. olseni and P. marinus. Nine of those tested the cross-reactivity of their antibodies against different life stages or species than the one used as immunogen. While all antibodies raised against trophozoites labelled hypnospores, several antibodies raised against hypnospores did not label trophozoites, suggesting antigenic differences between those cell types. Antibody specificity studies showed that there is antigenic heterogeneity between Perkinsus species and Perkinsus-like organisms, and also that common epitopes occur among Perkinsus species, as well as some dinoflagellates. This review summarizes the current knowledge and aims at helping the future development of Perkinsus species-specific antibodies and immunoassays.
类喇叭虫原生动物是全球范围内各种软体动物的寄生虫，是水产养殖业和渔业大规模死亡和重大经济损失的罪魁祸首。管理传染病的第一步是可靠地检测出 Perkinsus 物种。虽然历史上用于诊断软体动物宿主中 Perkinsus sp. 感染的方法包括组织学、体外、分子遗传学和免疫测定法，但随着改进试剂和技术的发展，基于抗体的诊断测定法可能最实用。本文回顾了针对 Perkinsus 物种及其外产物的抗体的历史发展情况，以及诊断性免疫测定法。有 13 篇研究论文报道了针对 Perkinsus sp. 或其细胞外产物（主要是 P. olseni 和 P. marinus）的抗体的开发。其中有 9 篇测试了它们的抗体针对不同于免疫原的不同生命阶段或物种的交叉反应性。虽然所有针对滋养体的抗体都标记了休眠孢子，但有几个针对休眠孢子的抗体没有标记滋养体，这表明这些细胞类型之间存在抗原差异。抗体特异性研究表明， Perkinsus 物种和 Perkinsus 样生物之间存在抗原异质性， Perkinsus 物种之间以及一些腰鞭毛目藻类中也存在共同的表位。这篇综述总结了目前的知识，旨在帮助未来开发 Perkinsus 物种特异性抗体和免疫测定法。
