Uncovering the roles of hemoglobins in soybean facing water stress.

Water stress drastically hinders crop yield, including soybean - one of the world's most relevant feeding crops - threatening the food security of an ever-growing global population. Hemoglobins (GLBs) are involved in water stress tolerance; however, the role they effectively play in soybean remains underexplored. In this study, in silico and in vivo analyses were performed to identify soybean GLBs, capture their transcriptional profile under water stress, and overexpress promising members to assess how soybean cope with waterlogging. Seven GLBs were found, two GLB1 (non-symbiotic) and five GLB2 (symbiotic or leghemoglobins). Three out of the seven GLBs were differentially expressed in soybean RNA-seq libraries of water stress and were evaluated by real-time PCR. Consistently, GmGLB1-1 and GmGLB1-2 were moderately and highly expressed under waterlogging, respectively. Composite plants with roots overexpressing GmGLB1-1 or GmGLB1-2 (mostly) showed higher transcript abundance of stress-defensive genes involved in anaerobic, nitrogen, carbon, and antioxidant metabolism when subjected to waterlogging. In addition, soybean bearing p35S:GmGLB1-2 had lower HO root content, a reactive oxygen species (ROS), under water excess compared with the control condition. Altogether these results suggest that GmGLB1-2 is a strong candidate for soybean genetic engineering to generate waterlogging-tolerant soybean cultivars.