Perrard Adrien, Lopez-Osorio Federico, Carpenter James M
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Room 120A Marsh Life Science Building, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Cladistics. 2016 Aug;32(4):406-425. doi: 10.1111/cla.12138. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
Wing venation provides useful characters with which to classify extant and fossil insects. Recently, quantification of its shape using landmarks has increased the potential of wing venation to distinguish taxa. However, the use of wing landmarks in phylogenetic analyses remains largely unexplored. Here, we tested landmark analysis under parsimony (LAUP) to include wing shape data in a phylogenetic analysis of hornets and yellow jackets. Using 68 morphological characters, nine genes and wing landmarks, we produced the first total-evidence phylogeny of Vespinae. We also tested the influence of LAUP parameters using simulated landmarks. Our data confirmed that optimization parameters, alignment method, landmark number and, under low optimization parameters, the initial orientation of aligned shapes can influence LAUP results. Furthermore, single landmark configurations never accurately reflected the topology used for data simulation, but results were significantly close when compared to random topologies. Thus, wing landmark configurations were unreliable phylogenetic characters when treated independently, but provided some useful insights when combined with other data. Our phylogeny corroborated the monophyly of most groups proposed on the basis of morphology and showed the fossil Palaeovespa is distantly related to extant genera. Unstable relationships among genera suggest that rapid radiations occurred in the early history of the Vespinae.
翅脉为现存和化石昆虫的分类提供了有用的特征。最近，使用地标对其形状进行量化增加了翅脉区分分类群的潜力。然而，在系统发育分析中使用翅地标在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在这里，我们测试了简约地标分析（LAUP），以便在黄蜂和黄夹克的系统发育分析中纳入翅形数据。利用68个形态特征、九个基因和翅地标，我们构建了胡蜂亚科的首个全证据系统发育树。我们还使用模拟地标测试了LAUP参数的影响。我们的数据证实，优化参数、比对方法、地标数量以及在低优化参数下比对形状的初始方向都会影响LAUP结果。此外，单个地标配置从未准确反映用于数据模拟的拓扑结构，但与随机拓扑结构相比，结果显著相近。因此，翅地标配置单独处理时是不可靠的系统发育特征，但与其他数据结合时能提供一些有用的见解。我们的系统发育树证实了基于形态学提出的大多数类群的单系性，并表明化石古胡蜂与现存属关系较远。属间不稳定的关系表明，胡蜂亚科早期历史中发生了快速辐射。
