Schmitz J, Moritz R F
Institut für Okologie und Biologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1998 Apr;9(2):183-91. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1997.0460.
The oriental Stenogastrinae is a group in which there is considerable interest as regards the study of evolution of sociality in wasps, because they show broad diversity in social behavior. Using cladistic analysis on morphological and behavioral data, they have been grouped together with the social Vespinae and Polistinae in the family of Vespidae. This is not without dispute, because several other morphological and behavioral characters separate Stenogastrinae from the other Vespidae subfamilies. DNA sequences were obtained from nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA of two Apis species and nine social and three solitary wasp species of the family Vespidae. Solitary wasps of the family Braconidae and Pteromalidae were used as outgroups. Parsimony, distance, and maximum-likelihood methods of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA did not support the conventional phylogenetic position of Stenogastrinae. In all phylogenetic reconstructions, the solitary Eumeninae were a sister taxon to the Polistinae + Vespinae cluster. The analyzed sequences provide strong evidence that sociality has independently evolved twice in the Vespidae.
东方狭腹胡蜂亚科是一个在黄蜂社会性进化研究方面备受关注的类群，因为它们在社会行为上表现出广泛的多样性。通过对形态学和行为数据进行分支系统分析，它们与社会性的胡蜂亚科和马蜂亚科一同被归为胡蜂科。但这并非毫无争议，因为其他一些形态学和行为特征将狭腹胡蜂亚科与胡蜂科的其他亚科区分开来。从两种蜜蜂物种以及胡蜂科的九种社会性黄蜂和三种独居黄蜂的核28S核糖体DNA和线粒体16S核糖体DNA中获取了DNA序列。茧蜂科和金小蜂科的独居黄蜂被用作外类群。线粒体和核DNA的简约法、距离法和最大似然法均不支持狭腹胡蜂亚科的传统系统发育位置。在所有的系统发育重建中，独居的蜾蠃亚科是马蜂亚科+胡蜂亚科类群的姐妹分类单元。分析的序列提供了有力证据，表明社会性在胡蜂科中独立进化了两次。
