Hočevar Sara, Kuparinen Anna
Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland.
Evol Appl. 2021 Jun 24;14(10):2378-2391. doi: 10.1111/eva.13259. eCollection 2021 Oct.
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the population dynamics of a single species are well emphasized, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fisheries-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate through globally connected systems. We look at: (i) how a size truncation may induce shifts in ecological niches of harvested species, (ii) how a changed maturation schedule might affect the spawning potential and biomass flow, (iii) how changes in life histories can initiate trophic cascades, (iv) how the role of apex predators may be shifting and (v) whether fisheries-induced evolution could codrive species to depletion and biodiversity loss. Globally increasing effective fishing effort and the uncertain reversibility of eco-evolutionary change induced by fisheries necessitate further research, discussion and precautionary action considering the impacts of fisheries-induced evolution within marine food webs.
渔业开发会导致目标种群可遗传性状发生基因变化。捕捞所施加的选择压力方向通常与自然选择相反，它会选择特定的生活史，通常是选择产卵潜力较低的年轻且体型较小的产卵者。虽然这种选择对单一物种种群动态可能产生的后果已得到充分强调，但我们才刚刚开始认识到其在整个海洋食物网和生态系统中传播效应的多样性和严重性。在此，我们强调由大小选择性捕捞驱动的渔业诱导进化可能在全球互联系统中产生共鸣的潜在途径。我们探讨：（i）大小截断如何可能导致被捕捞物种生态位的转变，（ii）改变的成熟时间表如何可能影响产卵潜力和生物量流动，（iii）生活史的变化如何能够引发营养级联反应，（iv）顶级捕食者的作用可能如何转变，以及（v）渔业诱导进化是否可能共同导致物种枯竭和生物多样性丧失。全球范围内有效捕捞努力的增加以及渔业引发的生态进化变化的不确定性和不可逆转性，使得有必要进一步开展研究、进行讨论并采取预防行动，考虑渔业诱导进化对海洋食物网的影响。
