Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Optom Vis Sci. 2021 Dec 1;98(12):1371-1378. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001809.
Our findings show that non-Dutch background, lower maternal education, and lower net household income level may be new risk factors for myopia development in the Netherlands. Newly introduced physical activity spaces may not be effective enough in increasing outdoor exposure in children to reduce eye growth.
The aims of this study were to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in myopia incidence, eye growth, outdoor exposure, and computer use and to investigate if newly introduced physical activity spaces can reduce eye growth in school-aged children.
Participants (N = 2643) from the Dutch population-based birth cohort Generation R were examined at ages 6 and 9 years. Socioeconomic inequalities in myopia incidence, eye growth, and lifestyle were determined using regression analyses. Information on physical activity spaces located in Rotterdam was obtained. Differences in eye growth between those who became exposed to new physical activity spaces (n = 230) and those nonexposed (n = 1866) were evaluated with individual-level fixed-effects models.
Myopia prevalence was 2.2% at age 6 years and 12.2% at age 9 years. Outdoor exposure was 11.4 h/wk at age 6 years and 7.4 h/wk at age 9 years. Computer use was 2.1 h/wk at age 6 years and 5.2 h/wk at age 9 years. Myopia incidence was higher in children with non-Dutch background, and families with lower household income and lower maternal education (odds ratio [OR], 1.081 [95% confidence interval, 1.052 to 1.112]; OR, 1.035 [95% confidence interval, 1.008 to 1.063]; OR, 1.028 [95% confidence interval, 1.001 to 1.055], respectively). Children living <600 m of a physical activity space did not have increased outdoor exposure, except those from families with lower maternal education (β = 1.33 h/wk; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 2.51 h/wk). Newly introduced physical activity spaces were not associated with reduction of eye growth.
Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families became more often myopic than those from socioeconomically advantaged families. We did not find evidence that physical activity spaces protect against myopia for the population at large, but subgroups may benefit.
我们的研究结果表明，非荷兰背景、母亲教育程度较低和家庭净收入水平较低可能是荷兰近视发展的新危险因素。新引入的体育活动空间可能不足以增加儿童的户外活动时间，从而减缓眼球生长。
本研究旨在评估社会经济不平等与近视发病率、眼球生长、户外活动时间和电脑使用之间的关系，并探讨新引入的体育活动空间是否能减少学龄儿童的眼球生长。
参与者（N=2643）来自荷兰基于人群的出生队列研究世代研究，分别在 6 岁和 9 岁时进行检查。使用回归分析确定近视发病率、眼球生长和生活方式方面的社会经济不平等情况。获取鹿特丹体育活动空间的信息。采用个体水平固定效应模型评估那些接触到新体育活动空间（n=230）和未接触到的人（n=1866）之间眼球生长的差异。
6 岁时近视患病率为 2.2%，9 岁时为 12.2%。6 岁时的户外活动时间为 11.4 小时/周，9 岁时为 7.4 小时/周。6 岁时的电脑使用时间为 2.1 小时/周，9 岁时为 5.2 小时/周。有非荷兰背景、家庭收入较低和母亲教育程度较低的儿童近视发病率更高（优势比[OR]，1.081[95%置信区间，1.052 至 1.112]；OR，1.035[95%置信区间，1.008 至 1.063]；OR，1.028[95%置信区间，1.001 至 1.055]）。除了母亲教育程度较低的家庭（β=1.33 小时/周；95%置信区间，0.15 至 2.51 小时/周），居住在距离体育活动空间<600 米的儿童并没有增加户外活动时间。新引入的体育活动空间与减缓眼球生长无关。
来自社会经济劣势家庭的儿童比来自社会经济优势家庭的儿童更容易近视。我们没有发现体育活动空间可以普遍预防近视的证据，但某些亚组可能受益。
