York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom.
School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia.
Int J Parasitol. 2021 Dec;51(13-14):1213-1232. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.002. Epub 2021 Nov 9.
The unique multilaminate appearance of the tegument surface of schistosomes was first described in 1973, in one of the earliest volumes of the International Journal for Parasitology. The present review, published almost 50 years later, traces the development of our knowledge of the tegument, starting with those earliest cytological advances, particularly the surface plasma membrane-membranocalyx complex, through an era of protein discovery to the modern age of protein characterization, aided by proteomics. More recently, analysis of single cell transcriptomes of schistosomes is providing insight into the organisation of the cell bodies that support the surface syncytium. Our understanding of the tegument, notably the nature of the proteins present within the plasma membrane and membranocalyx, has provided insights into how the schistosomes interact with their hosts but many aspects of how the tegument functions remain unanswered. Among the unresolved aspects are those concerned with maintenance and renewal of the surface membrane complex, and whether surface proteins and membrane components are recycled. Current controversies arising from investigations about whether the tegument is a source of extracellular vesicles during parasitism, and if it is covered with glycolytic enzymes, are evaluated in the light of cytological and proteomic knowledge of the layer.
血吸虫体被表面独特的多层状外观于 1973 年首次在《国际寄生虫学杂志》最早的几卷中进行了描述。本综述发表于近 50 年后，追溯了我们对体被知识的发展，从最早的细胞学进展开始，特别是表面质膜-膜鞘复合体，历经蛋白质发现时代直至现代蛋白质特征分析时代，这都得益于蛋白质组学的发展。最近，对血吸虫单细胞转录组的分析为支持表面合胞体的细胞体的组织提供了深入的了解。我们对体被的理解，尤其是质膜和膜鞘内存在的蛋白质的性质，深入了解了血吸虫与宿主的相互作用方式，但体被的许多功能仍然没有答案。其中一些未解决的问题涉及到表面膜复合体的维持和更新，以及表面蛋白和膜成分是否被回收。目前，有关在寄生虫感染过程中体被是否是细胞外囊泡的来源，以及它是否覆盖有糖酵解酶的争议，都是根据该层的细胞学和蛋白质组学知识来评估的。
