Long-Chain and Very Long-Chain Ceramides Mediate Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity and Fibrosis.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent with cardiotoxicity associated with profibrotic effects. Dox increases ceramide levels with pro-inflammatory effects, cell death, and fibrosis. The purpose of our study was to identify the underlying ceramide signaling pathways. We aimed to characterize the downstream effects on cell survival, metabolism, and fibrosis. Human fibroblasts (hFSF) were treated with 0.7 µM of Dox or transgenically overexpressed ceramide synthase 2 (FLAG-CerS2). Furthermore, cells were pre-treated with MitoTempo (MT) (2 h, 20 µM) or Fumonisin B1 (FuB) (4 h, 100 µM). Protein expression was measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence (IF). Ceramide levels were determined with mass spectroscopy (MS). Visualizations were conducted using laser scanning microscopy (LSM) or electron microscopy. Mitochondrial activity was measured using seahorse analysis. Dox and CerS2 overexpression increased CerS2 protein expression. Coherently, ceramides were elevated with the highest peak for C24:0. Ceramide- induced mitochondrial ROS production was reduced with MT or FuB preincubation. Mitochondrial homeostasis was reduced and accompanied by reduced ATP production. Our data show that the increase in pro-inflammatory ceramides is an essential contributor to Dox side-effects. The accumulation of ceramides resulted in a lipotoxic shift and subsequently mitochondrial structural and functional damage, which was partially reversible following inhibition of ceramide synthesis.