University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Child Dev. 2022 May;93(3):751-759. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13710. Epub 2021 Nov 15.
Early social experiences, such as caregiver scaffolding, play a crucial but disputed role in the emergence of prosociality. A longitudinal experiment examined how explicit scaffolding-such as encouragement or praise-influences helping late in the first year, when helping emerges. Eighty-three infants (40 female, 6-9 months, 54% White, 17% Hispanic/Latinx, 16% Asian) participated in up to 10-weekly home visits in which they could help an experimenter in a novel activity. Data were collected in Santa Cruz, CA between February 2018 and August 2019. Compared to the control condition, explicit scaffolding increased helping by handing out-of-reach objects, η = .02, and, among younger infants, by cleaning up. Helping also increased with age and visit number. Using a new paradigm, this research provides experimental evidence for how adults' scaffolding shapes the emergence of helping in infancy.
早期的社会经验，如照料者的支架作用，在亲社会行为的出现中起着至关重要但有争议的作用。一项纵向实验研究了明确的支架作用（如鼓励或表扬）如何在第一年后期影响帮助行为的出现，此时帮助行为开始出现。83 名婴儿（40 名女性，6-9 个月，54%为白人，17%为西班牙裔/拉丁裔，16%为亚裔）参与了多达 10 次的家庭访问，他们可以在一项新的活动中帮助一名实验者。数据收集于 2018 年 2 月至 2019 年 8 月在加利福尼亚州圣克鲁斯进行。与对照组相比，明确的支架作用增加了传递够不着的物体的帮助，η = 0.02，并且在较小的婴儿中增加了清理的帮助。帮助行为也随着年龄和访问次数的增加而增加。使用一种新的范式，这项研究提供了实验证据，证明了成年人的支架作用如何塑造婴儿期帮助行为的出现。
