School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK.
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
Microbiome. 2021 Nov 16;9(1):222. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01160-4.
Circadian rhythms of host immune activity and their microbiomes are likely pivotal to health and disease resistance. The integration of chronotherapeutic approaches to disease mitigation in managed animals, however, is yet to be realised. In aquaculture, light manipulation is commonly used to enhance growth and control reproduction but may have unknown negative consequences for animal health. Infectious diseases are a major barrier to sustainable aquaculture and understanding the circadian dynamics of fish immunity and crosstalk with the microbiome is urgently needed.
Here, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, we combine 16S rRNA metabarcoding, metagenomic sequencing and direct mRNA quantification methods to simultaneously characterise the circadian dynamics of skin clock and immune gene expression, and daily changes of skin microbiota. We demonstrate daily rhythms in fish skin immune expression and microbiomes, which are modulated by photoperiod and parasitic lice infection. We identify putative associations of host clock and immune gene profiles with microbial composition. Our results suggest circadian perturbation, that shifts the magnitude and timing of immune and microbiota activity, is detrimental to fish health.
The substantial circadian dynamics and fish host expression-microbiome relationships we find represent a valuable foundation for investigating the utility of chronotherapies in aquaculture, and more broadly contributes to our understanding of the role of microbiomes in circadian health of vertebrates. Video Abstract.
宿主免疫活动和其微生物组的昼夜节律可能对健康和疾病抵抗力至关重要。然而，在管理动物中整合疾病缓解的时间治疗方法尚未实现。在水产养殖中，光操纵常用于促进生长和控制繁殖，但可能对动物健康产生未知的负面影响。传染病是可持续水产养殖的主要障碍，迫切需要了解鱼类免疫的昼夜动态及其与微生物组的串扰。
在这里，我们使用虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）作为模型，结合 16S rRNA 代谢组学、宏基因组测序和直接 mRNA 定量方法，同时描述皮肤时钟和免疫基因表达以及皮肤微生物组的昼夜动态。我们证明了鱼类皮肤免疫表达和微生物组的昼夜节律，这些节律受到光周期和寄生性虱子感染的调节。我们确定了宿主时钟和免疫基因谱与微生物组成的潜在关联。我们的研究结果表明，昼夜节律的改变会对鱼类健康产生不利影响，改变免疫和微生物群的幅度和时间。
我们发现的昼夜动态和鱼类宿主表达-微生物组之间的大量关系为研究时间治疗在水产养殖中的应用提供了有价值的基础，更广泛地为我们理解微生物组在脊椎动物昼夜健康中的作用做出了贡献。
