Winters Jesse J
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Nov 4;15:768459. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.768459. eCollection 2021.
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of neuroscientific theories of consciousness. These include theories which explicitly point to EM fields, notably Operational Architectonics and, more recently, the General Resonance Theory. In phenomenological terms, human consciousness is a unified composition of contents. These contents are specific and meaningful, and they exist from a subjective point of view. Human conscious experience is temporally continuous, limited in content, and coherent. Based upon those phenomenal observations, pre-existing theories of consciousness, and a large body of experimental evidence, I derived the Temporally-Integrated Causality Landscape (TICL). In brief, the TICL proposes that the neural correlate of consciousness is a structure of temporally integrated causality occurring over a large portion of the thalamocortical system. This structure is composed of a large, integrated set of neuronal elements (the System), which contains some subsystems, defined as having a higher level of temporally-integrated causality than the System as a whole. Each Subsystem exists from the point of view of the System, in the form of meaningful content. In this article, I review the TICL and consider the importance of EM forces as a mechanism of neural causality. I compare the fundamentals of TICL to those of several other neuroscientific theories. Using five major characteristics of phenomenal consciousness as a standard, I compare the basic tenets of Integrated Information Theory, Global Neuronal Workspace, General Resonance Theory, Operational Architectonics, and the Temporo-spatial Theory of Consciousness with the framework of the TICL. While the literature concerned with these theories tends to focus on different lines of evidence, there are fundamental areas of agreement. This means that, in time, it may be possible for many of them to converge upon the truth. In this analysis, I conclude that a primary distinction which divides these theories is the feature of spatial and temporal nesting. Interestingly, this distinction does not separate along the fault line between theories explicitly concerned with EM fields and those which are not. I believe that reconciliation is possible, at least in principle, among those theories that recognize the following: just as the contents of consciousness are distinctions within consciousness, the neural correlates of conscious content should be distinguishable from but fall within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the full neural correlates of consciousness.
近年来,关于意识的神经科学理论大量涌现。这些理论包括明确指向电磁场的理论,特别是操作构造学理论,以及最近的广义共振理论。从现象学角度来看,人类意识是内容的统一组合。这些内容是具体且有意义的,并且它们从主观视角存在。人类的意识体验在时间上是连续的,内容有限且连贯。基于这些现象学观察、现有的意识理论以及大量实验证据,我推导出了时间整合因果景观(TICL)。简而言之,TICL提出意识的神经关联物是在丘脑皮质系统的很大一部分上发生的时间整合因果结构。这个结构由大量整合的神经元元素(系统)组成,其中包含一些子系统,这些子系统被定义为具有比整个系统更高水平的时间整合因果性。每个子系统从系统的角度以有意义的内容形式存在。在本文中,我回顾了TICL,并考虑了电磁场力作为神经因果机制的重要性。我将TICL的基本原理与其他几种神经科学理论的基本原理进行了比较。以现象意识的五个主要特征为标准,我将整合信息理论、全局神经元工作空间、广义共振理论、操作构造学理论以及意识的时空理论的基本信条与TICL框架进行了比较。虽然与这些理论相关的文献往往侧重于不同的证据线索,但也存在基本的共识领域。这意味着,假以时日,它们中的许多理论有可能趋向于真理。在这一分析中,我得出结论,划分这些理论的一个主要区别在于时空嵌套特征。有趣的是,这种区别并不是沿着明确涉及电磁场的理论与不涉及电磁场的理论之间的界限划分的。我相信,至少在原则上,那些认识到以下内容的理论之间有可能达成和解:正如意识的内容是意识中的区分一样,意识内容的神经关联物应该与意识的完整神经关联物在空间和时间边界内可区分但又属于其中。