Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, United States.
Department of Chemistry, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bhojpur 802301, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2022;28(2):116-132. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666211122153946.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the transfer of many therapeutic drugs across the brain. Therefore, the leading treatment strategies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often unsuccessful. Another challenge is to achieve specific targetability across BBB and diagnosis. Herein, theranostic-based strategies are emerging in order to combine therapeutic, targeting, and diagnostic capabilities. Recent nanotechnological advancements enable a common platform for the formulation and development of efficient theranostics. This can be attained by engineering some of the properties of nanomaterials, thus enabling them to become efficient and suitable theranostics. In this review, we discuss the various novel approaches of theranostic nanomaterials owing to multimodal functionality across the brain as an effective and probable treatment as well as early (timely) diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this respect, we conducted a PubMed search to review the latest development in theranostic nanomaterials, especially for Alzheimer's (major type of dementia) therapy that led us to discuss the present theranostic nanomaterials utilizing drug carriers that include cargo, targeting ligands, and imaging agents for delivery to particular tissues, cells, or subcellular components. Our focus is on strategies for syntheses, but we will also consider the challenges and prospects associated with this evolving technology. The current review includes knowledge of the history, overview of AD, and therapeutics with a future approach of using theranostic nanomaterials as personalized medicines.
血脑屏障 (BBB) 阻止了许多治疗药物在大脑中的转移。因此，阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的主要治疗策略往往效果不佳。另一个挑战是实现 BBB 内的特异性靶向和诊断。为此，治疗诊断一体化策略正在兴起，以便将治疗、靶向和诊断功能结合起来。最近的纳米技术进展为高效治疗诊断一体化的制剂和开发提供了共同的平台。通过对纳米材料的某些特性进行工程设计，使它们能够成为高效且合适的治疗诊断一体化材料，就可以实现这一点。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了治疗诊断一体化纳米材料的各种新方法，因为它们具有穿过大脑的多模态功能，是一种有效且可能的治疗方法，并且可以对阿尔茨海默病进行早期（及时）诊断。在这方面，我们进行了 PubMed 搜索，以综述治疗诊断一体化纳米材料的最新进展，特别是针对阿尔茨海默病（主要类型的痴呆症）的治疗，这促使我们讨论了利用药物载体的当前治疗诊断一体化纳米材料，这些药物载体包括货物、靶向配体和成像剂，用于递送到特定的组织、细胞或亚细胞成分。我们的重点是合成策略，但我们也将考虑与这项不断发展的技术相关的挑战和前景。本综述包括对历史、AD 概述和治疗学的了解，并探讨了将治疗诊断一体化纳米材料作为个性化药物的未来应用。
