Sarwat Salman, Godil Danish Iqbal, Ali Liaqat, Ahmad Bashir, Dinca Gheorghita, Khan Syed Abdul Rehman
Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.
Dar-ul-Madinah International University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(16):23677-23689. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17557-5. Epub 2021 Nov 23.
This paper aims to validate the EKC hypothesis for BRICS countries, in the presence of natural resources, renewable energy, and globalization factors. FMOLS, DOLS, Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), and heterogeneous panel causality tests have been applied on the BRICS panel from 1990 to 2014. According to FMOLS and DOLS techniques, the EKC hypothesis does exist in BRICS countries in the presence of alternative energy resources and globalization, whereas quantile level analysis does not support globalization as a significant factor for environmental degradation. Quantile regression validates the EKC hypothesis with a direct association of natural resources and inverse association of renewable energy with environmental degradation. Heterogeneous panel causality also confirms the bidirectional Granger causality between all the variables and CO, except globalization, which means that panel causality is endorsing the results of MMQR. Thus, it is recommended to encourage the usage of renewable energy resources in BRICS countries.
本文旨在验证金砖国家在存在自然资源、可再生能源和全球化因素的情况下的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说。对1990年至2014年的金砖国家面板数据应用了完全修正普通最小二乘法（FMOLS）、动态普通最小二乘法（DOLS）、矩分位数回归方法（MMQR）以及异质面板因果检验。根据FMOLS和DOLS技术，在存在替代能源资源和全球化的情况下，金砖国家确实存在EKC假说，而分位数水平分析不支持全球化是环境退化的一个重要因素这一观点。分位数回归通过自然资源与环境退化的直接关联以及可再生能源与环境退化的反向关联验证了EKC假说。异质面板因果关系也证实了除全球化之外所有变量与一氧化碳之间的双向格兰杰因果关系，这意味着面板因果关系支持MMQR的结果。因此，建议鼓励金砖国家使用可再生能源资源。
