Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India.
Mol Neurobiol. 2022 Feb;59(2):983-1001. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02646-w. Epub 2021 Nov 24.
With an increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, a need to replace incapable conventional methods has arisen. To overcome this burden, stem cells therapy has emerged as an efficient treatment option. Endeavours to accomplish this have paved the path to neural regeneration through efficient neuronal transdifferentiation. Despite their potential, the use of stem cells still entails several limitations, such as low differentiation efficiency and difficulties in guiding differentiation. The process of neural differentiation through the stem cells is achieved through the use of chemical inducers or growth factors and their direct introduction reduces their bioavailability in the system. To address these limitations, neural regeneration ventures require growth factors to be effectively implemented on stem cells in order to produce functional neuronal precursor cells. An efficient technique to achieve it is through the delivery of growth factors via microcarriers for their sustained release. It ensures the presence of commensurable concentration even at later stages of neuronal transdifferentiation. Nanofibers and nanoparticles, along with liposomes and such, have been used to implement this. The interaction between such carriers and the growth factors is mainly electrostatic. Such interaction enables them to form a stable assembly through immobilisation of the growth factor either onto their surfaces or within the core of their structures. The rate of sustained release depends upon the release kinetics associated with the polymeric structure employed and its interaction with the encapsulated growth factor. The sustained release ensures that the stem cells immerse under the effect of the growth factors for a prolonged period, ultimately aiding in the formation of cells showing ample characteristics of neuron precursors. This review analyses the various carriers that have been employed for the release of growth factors in an orderly fashion and their constituents, along with the advantages and the limitations they pose in delivering the growth factors for facilitating the process of neuronal transdifferentiation.
随着神经退行性疾病发病率的增加，需要取代传统的无效方法。为了克服这一负担，干细胞疗法已经成为一种有效的治疗选择。为了实现这一目标，人们努力通过有效的神经元转分化来实现神经再生。尽管它们有潜力，但干细胞的使用仍然存在一些限制，例如分化效率低和指导分化困难。通过干细胞进行神经分化的过程是通过使用化学诱导剂或生长因子来实现的，而直接引入这些物质会降低它们在系统中的生物利用度。为了解决这些限制，神经再生需要有效地将生长因子应用于干细胞上，以产生功能性神经元前体细胞。一种有效的方法是通过微载体来输送生长因子，以实现其持续释放。这确保了即使在神经元转分化的后期阶段，也存在可比较的浓度。纳米纤维和纳米粒子，以及脂质体等，已经被用于实现这一点。这些载体与生长因子之间的相互作用主要是静电的。这种相互作用使它们能够通过将生长因子固定在其表面或结构的核心内部，形成稳定的组装体。持续释放的速度取决于与所使用的聚合物结构相关的释放动力学及其与封装的生长因子的相互作用。持续释放确保干细胞在生长因子的作用下长时间浸泡，最终有助于形成表现出充足神经元前体特征的细胞。这篇综述分析了各种已被用于有秩序地释放生长因子的载体及其组成部分，以及它们在传递生长因子以促进神经元转分化过程中所具有的优势和局限性。
