The nature of savings associated with a visuomotor adaptation task that involves one arm or both arms.

The nature of savings in visuomotor adaptation is typically studied using a paradigm in which one arm experiences multiple conditions such as adaptation, washout and readaptation. It has seldom been studied, however, using a paradigm that involves both arms. Here, we examined the effect of (1) using different arms and (2) the availability of visual feedback during a washout session following visuomotor adaptation on savings. We first had healthy young adults adapt to a visuomotor rotation condition during reaching movements with the left arm. Following that, they experienced a washout session with either the left or right arm, with or without visual feedback, and then the readaptation session with the left arm again. We hypothesized that if savings occurred due to the explicit recall of cognitive strategies, the pattern of savings would be similar regardless of which arm was used during the washout session. Results showed that in terms of the percentage of savings, there was a significant difference between the conditions in which the left or right arm was used during the washout, but not between the conditions in which visual feedback was provided or absent. In terms of the rate of relearning, a significant difference was observed between the conditions in which the left or right arm was used during the washout, and also between the conditions in which visual feedback was provided or absent. These findings suggest that the explicit recall of strategies is not the only source for savings and further suggest that effector-specific, use-dependent learning can also contribute to savings.