College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet Land, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, No.88-2 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(17):24639-24650. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17747-1. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
Ratoon rice (RR) is regarded as a labor-saving and efficient approach to rice cultivation; however, sub-optimal production techniques (fertilization, irrigation, harvesting) may lead to serious environmental problems and unsustainable agriculture. In this study, emergy analysis was combined with indicators of soil fertility, global warming potential (GWP), and profitability to comprehensively assess the sustainability performance of three cultivation modes: (i) traditional farm practice (TRA), (ii) optimized mode (OPT), and (iii) OPT plus green manure planting (OPTM). Over 2 years, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM modes increased total rice yield by 10% and 19% on average and improved profit by 233.7 and 456.5 Yuan ha, respectively. Single emergy analysis results showed that, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM (2-year average value) modes increased production efficiency by 10% and 8%, reduced renewable fraction and emergy sustainability index by 14-19% and 18-23%, respectively, and increased environmental loading ratio by 31% and 22%. Multiple EMA analysis results showed that, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM (2-year average value) modes reduced UEV by 23% and 21% and increased UEV 32% and 51%, respectively. The UEV and UEV of OPT and OPTM increased by 8-29% and 4-37%, respectively, compared with TRA mode. The comprehensive assessment indicated that, despite OPT and OPTM modes have a range of improvements and dis-improvements versus the TRA mode, OPTM was the more sustainable mode of RR production overall. However, some sustainability indicators remained poor, and there remains scope for further optimization via, e.g., precision application of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, application of a straw-decomposing inoculant to improve soil fertility, and use of new improved rice varieties with high regenerative ability to improve the yield of ratoon crops.
再生稻被视为一种省力高效的水稻种植方式；然而，次优的生产技术（施肥、灌溉、收获）可能会导致严重的环境问题和不可持续的农业。本研究采用能值分析方法，并结合土壤肥力、全球变暖潜势（GWP）和盈利能力指标，综合评价了传统农作模式（TRA）、优化模式（OPT）和 OPT 加绿肥种植模式（OPTM）三种栽培模式的可持续性表现。经过两年的试验，与 TRA 模式相比，OPT 和 OPTM 模式的水稻总产量平均提高了 10%和 19%，利润分别提高了 233.7 和 456.5 元/公顷。单项能值分析结果表明，与 TRA 模式相比，OPT 和 OPTM（两年平均值）模式的生产效率分别提高了 10%和 8%，可再生部分和能值可持续性指数分别降低了 14-19%和 18-23%，环境负荷比分别增加了 31%和 22%。多能值分析结果表明，与 TRA 模式相比，OPT 和 OPTM（两年平均值）模式的 UEV 分别降低了 23%和 21%，UEV 分别增加了 32%和 51%。与 TRA 模式相比，OPT 和 OPTM 模式的 UEV 分别增加了 8-29%和 4-37%。综合评价表明，尽管 OPT 和 OPTM 模式相对于 TRA 模式有一系列的改进和不改进，但 OPTM 模式是整体上更可持续的再生稻生产模式。然而，一些可持续性指标仍然较差，仍有进一步优化的空间，例如，通过精准施用高效肥料、应用秸秆分解菌剂提高土壤肥力，以及利用再生能力强的新型改良水稻品种提高再生稻产量等。
