Williams Michelle M, Hafeez Sabrina A, Christenson Jessica L, O'Neill Kathleen I, Hammond Nia G, Richer Jennifer K
Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Nov 2;14(11):1122. doi: 10.3390/ph14111122.
Approval of checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) has opened the door for the use of immunotherapies against this disease. However, not all patients with mTNBC respond to current immunotherapy approaches such as checkpoint inhibitors. Recent evidence demonstrates that TNBC metastases are more immune suppressed than primary tumors, suggesting that combination or additional immunotherapy strategies may be required to activate an anti-tumor immune attack at metastatic sites. To identify other immune suppressive mechanisms utilized by mTNBC, our group and others manipulated oncogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs in TNBC models to reveal differences between this breast cancer subtype and its more epithelial counterpart. This review will discuss how EMT modulation revealed several mechanisms, including tumor cell metabolism, cytokine milieu and secretion of additional immune modulators, by which mTNBC cells may suppress both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Many of these pathways/proteins are under preclinical or clinical investigation as therapeutic targets in mTNBC and other advanced cancers to enhance their response to chemotherapy and/or checkpoint inhibitors.
检查点抑制剂获批用于治疗转移性三阴性乳腺癌(mTNBC),为针对该疾病使用免疫疗法打开了大门。然而,并非所有mTNBC患者都对当前的免疫疗法(如检查点抑制剂)有反应。最近的证据表明,TNBC转移灶比原发性肿瘤更具免疫抑制性,这表明可能需要联合或采用其他免疫疗法策略,以在转移部位激活抗肿瘤免疫攻击。为了确定mTNBC利用的其他免疫抑制机制,我们团队以及其他团队在TNBC模型中操控致癌的上皮-间质转化(EMT)程序,以揭示这种乳腺癌亚型与其上皮性更强的对应亚型之间的差异。本综述将讨论EMT调节如何揭示出多种机制,包括肿瘤细胞代谢、细胞因子环境以及其他免疫调节剂的分泌,mTNBC细胞可能通过这些机制抑制先天性和适应性抗肿瘤免疫反应。作为mTNBC和其他晚期癌症的治疗靶点,许多这些途径/蛋白质正处于临床前或临床研究阶段,以增强它们对化疗和/或检查点抑制剂的反应。
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