Sensor-Fusion for Smartphone Location Tracking Using Hybrid Multimodal Deep Neural Networks.

Many engineered approaches have been proposed over the years for solving the hard problem of performing indoor localization using smartphone sensors. However, specialising these solutions for difficult edge cases remains challenging. Here we propose an end-to-end hybrid multimodal deep neural network localization system, MM-Loc, relying on zero hand-engineered features, but learning automatically from data instead. This is achieved by using modality-specific neural networks to extract preliminary features from each sensing modality, which are then combined by cross-modality neural structures. We show that our choice of modality-specific neural architectures can estimate the location independently. But for better accuracy, a multimodal neural network that fuses the features of early modality-specific representations is a better proposition. Our proposed MM-Loc system is tested on cross-modality samples characterised by different sampling rate and data representation (inertial sensors, magnetic and WiFi signals), outperforming traditional approaches for location estimation. MM-Loc elegantly trains directly from data unlike conventional indoor positioning systems, which rely on human intuition.