Animal Dental Specialists of Upstate New York, 6867 East Genesee Street, Fayetteville, NY 13066, USA.
Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2022 Jan;52(1):107-119. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.08.004.
Advances in gene sequence technology and data analysis have enabled the detection and taxonomic identification of microorganisms in vivo based on their unique RNA or DNA sequences. Standard culture techniques can only detect those organisms that readily grow on artificial media in vitro. Culture-independent technology has been used to provide a more accurate assessment of the richness (total number of species) and diversity (relative abundance of each species) of microorganisms present in a prescribed location. The microbiome has been defined as the genes and genomes of all microbial inhabitants within a defined environment. Microorganisms within a microbiome interact with each other as well as with the host. A microbiome is dynamic and may change over time as conditions within the defined environment become altered. In oral health, neither gingivitis nor periodontitis is present, and the host and microbiome coexist symbiotically without evoking an inflammatory response. The circumstances that cause a shift from immune tolerance to a proinflammatory response remain unknown, and a unified, all-encompassing hypothesis to explain how and why periodontal disease develops has yet to be described. The purpose of this review is to clarify the current understanding of the role played by the oral microbiome in dogs and cats, describe how the microbiome changes in periodontal disease, and offer guidance on the utility of systemic antimicrobial agents in the treatment of periodontitis in companion animals.
基因序列技术和数据分析的进步使得能够根据微生物独特的 RNA 或 DNA 序列在体内检测和分类鉴定微生物。标准的培养技术只能检测那些在体外易于在人工培养基上生长的生物。非培养技术已被用于更准确地评估特定地点存在的微生物的丰富度（物种总数）和多样性（每个物种的相对丰度）。微生物组被定义为特定环境中所有微生物居民的基因和基因组。微生物组内的微生物相互作用，以及与宿主相互作用。微生物组是动态的，随着定义环境内的条件发生变化，它可能会随时间而改变。在口腔健康中，既不存在牙龈炎，也不存在牙周炎，宿主和微生物组共生共存，不会引发炎症反应。导致从免疫耐受向促炎反应转变的情况尚不清楚，也尚未描述一个统一的、包罗万象的假说来解释牙周病是如何以及为何发生的。本文旨在阐明口腔微生物组在犬猫中的作用的现有认识，描述牙周病中微生物组的变化，并就全身抗菌药物在治疗伴侣动物牙周炎中的应用提供指导。
