Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Laboratory for Craniofacial Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Periodontol 2000. 2021 Jun;86(1):57-78. doi: 10.1111/prd.12362. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
The subgingival crevice harbors diverse microbial communities. Shifts in the composition of these communities occur with the development of gingivitis and periodontitis, which are considered as successive stages of periodontal health deterioration. It is not clear, however, to what extent health- and gingivitis-associated microbiota are protective, or whether these communities facilitate the successive growth of periodontitis-associated taxa. To further our understanding of the dynamics of the microbial stimuli that trigger disruptions in periodontal homeostasis, we reviewed the available literature with the aim of defining specific microbial signatures associated with different stages of periodontal dysbiosis. Although several studies have evaluated the subgingival communities present in different periodontal conditions, we found limited evidence for the direct comparison of communities in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Therefore, we aimed to better define subgingival microbiome shifts by merging and reanalyzing, using unified bioinformatic processing strategies, publicly available 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon datasets of periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Despite inherent methodological differences across studies, distinct community structures were found for health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, demonstrating the specific associations between gingival tissue status and the subgingival microbiome. Consistent with the concept that periodontal dysbiosis is the result of a process of microbial succession without replacement, more species were detected in disease than in health. However, gingivitis-associated communities were more diverse than those from subjects with periodontitis, suggesting that certain species ultimately become dominant as dysbiosis progresses. We identified the bacterial species associated with each periodontal condition and prevalent species that do not change in abundance from one state to another (core species), and we also outlined species co-occurrence patterns via network analysis. Most periodontitis-associated species were rarely detected in health but were frequently detected, albeit in low abundance, in gingivitis, which suggests that gingivitis and periodontitis are a continuum. Overall, we provide a framework of subgingival microbiome shifts, which can be used to generate hypotheses with respect to community assembly processes and the emergence of periodontal dysbiosis.
龈下沟容纳了多种微生物群落。这些群落的组成变化发生在牙龈炎和牙周炎的发展过程中，这被认为是牙周健康恶化的连续阶段。然而，目前尚不清楚健康相关和牙龈炎相关的微生物群在多大程度上具有保护作用，或者这些群落是否促进了牙周炎相关分类群的连续生长。为了进一步了解引发牙周稳态破坏的微生物刺激物的动态，我们回顾了现有文献，旨在确定与牙周失调不同阶段相关的特定微生物特征。尽管有几项研究评估了不同牙周状况下龈下群落，但我们发现健康、牙龈炎和牙周炎之间的群落直接比较的证据有限。因此，我们旨在通过合并和重新分析，使用统一的生物信息学处理策略，更好地定义龈下微生物组的变化，从而更好地定义龈下微生物组的变化。尽管研究之间存在固有的方法学差异，但健康、牙龈炎和牙周炎的群落结构明显不同，这表明牙龈组织状态与龈下微生物组之间存在特定的关联。与牙周失调是微生物连续取代而不是替换的过程的概念一致，疾病中检测到的物种比健康中多。然而，与牙龈炎相关的群落比来自牙周炎患者的群落更加多样化，这表明随着失调的进展，某些物种最终成为优势种。我们确定了与每种牙周状况相关的细菌物种和丰度从一种状态到另一种状态不变的流行物种（核心物种），并通过网络分析概述了物种共存模式。大多数牙周炎相关物种在健康时很少被检测到，但在牙龈炎时经常被检测到，尽管丰度较低，这表明牙龈炎和牙周炎是一个连续的过程。总的来说，我们提供了一个龈下微生物组变化的框架，可以用来生成关于群落组装过程和牙周失调出现的假设。
