Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Feb 1;303:114109. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114109. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
The paper reports an update to the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) annual emission inventory of India from open burning of municipal solid wastes (MSW) through the generation of nation-specific emission factors for air (EF) and burned residue (EF) vectors. The MSW characteristics and modes of disposal practiced in Indian cities exhibits subtle variations from that of developed nations due to differences in food habits, living standards and climatic conditions. The annual emission calculations based on EFs from hitherto studies simulating conditions prevailing in developed countries can lead to anomalous accounting of emission levels. It is the first experimental study reported from Indian subcontinent to determine EFs of dioxins and dl-PCBs from MSW open burning by simulated combustion experiments conducted in a custom fabricated Open Burning Test Facility (OBTF) - "Burn Hut", using real dumpsite waste samples. Iso-kinetic sampling and coning and quartering methods were employed for the sampling of air and land emissions from combustion experiments. The PCDD/F's EF ranged from 3 to 675 μg toxicity equivalence (TEQ)/ton of waste with a geometric mean (GM) of 67.0 μgTEQ/ton and EF ranged from 10 to 2531 μgTEQ/ton waste (GM - 100.0 μgTEQ/ton). The EF and EF of dl-PCBs ranged from 0.5 to 46 μgTEQ/ton (GM 7.0 μgTEQ/ton) and 0.5 to 96 μgTEQ/ton of waste (GM 6.0 μgTEQ/ton) respectively. A detailed assessment of correlations between emission and MSW composition/combustion practices were conducted along with a comparative evaluation of EF vis-à-vis EFs reported elsewhere.
本文报告了印度通过为空气（EF）和燃烧残渣（EF）向量生成特定于国家的排放因子，对城市固体废物（MSW）露天焚烧产生的多氯二苯并对二恶英和呋喃（PCDD/Fs）和类二恶英多氯联苯（dl-PCBs）的年度排放清单进行了更新。由于饮食习惯、生活水平和气候条件的差异，印度城市的 MSW 特性和处置方式与发达国家略有不同。根据迄今为止在发达国家模拟条件下进行的研究中使用的 EF 进行的年度排放量计算可能会导致排放量的异常核算。这是首次从印度次大陆报告的实验研究，通过在定制的露天焚烧测试设施（OBTF）-“燃烧小屋”中进行模拟燃烧实验，使用真实的垃圾场废物样本，确定 MSW 露天焚烧中二恶英和 dl-PCBs 的 EF。采用等动力学采样和锥形四分法对燃烧实验中的空气和陆地排放进行采样。PCDD/Fs 的 EF 范围为 3 至 675μg 毒性等效（TEQ）/吨废物，几何平均值（GM）为 67.0μgTEQ/吨，EF 范围为 10 至 2531μgTEQ/吨废物（GM-100.0μgTEQ/吨）。dl-PCBs 的 EF 和 EF 范围分别为 0.5 至 46μgTEQ/吨（GM 为 7.0μgTEQ/吨）和 0.5 至 96μgTEQ/吨废物（GM 为 6.0μgTEQ/吨）。对排放与 MSW 成分/燃烧实践之间的相关性进行了详细评估，并对 EF 与其他地方报告的 EF 进行了比较评估。
