Osorio Quero Carlos A, Durini Daniel, Rangel-Magdaleno Jose, Martinez-Carranza Jose
Digital Systems Group, Electronics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), 72840 Puebla, Mexico.
Computer Science Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), 72840 Puebla, Mexico.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2021 Nov 1;92(11):111501. doi: 10.1063/5.0050358.
Different imaging solutions have been proposed over the last few decades, aimed at three-dimensional (3D) space reconstruction and obstacle detection, either based on stereo-vision principles using active pixel sensors operating in the visible part of the spectra or based on active Near Infra-Red (NIR) illumination applying the time-of-flight principle, to mention just a few. If extremely low quantum efficiencies for NIR active illumination yielded by silicon-based detector solutions are considered together with the huge photon noise levels produced by the background illumination accompanied by Rayleigh scattering effects taking place in outdoor applications, the operating limitations of these systems under harsh weather conditions, especially if relatively low-power active illumination is used, are evident. If longer wavelengths for active illumination are applied to overcome these issues, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)-based photodetectors become the technology of choice, and for low-cost solutions, using a single InGaAs photodetector or an InGaAs line-sensor becomes a promising choice. In this case, the principles of Single-Pixel Imaging (SPI) and compressive sensing acquire a paramount importance. Thus, in this paper, we review and compare the different SPI developments reported. We cover a variety of SPI system architectures, modulation methods, pattern generation and reconstruction algorithms, embedded system approaches, and 2D/3D image reconstruction methods. In addition, we introduce a Near Infra-Red Single-Pixel Imaging (NIR-SPI) sensor aimed at detecting static and dynamic objects under outdoor conditions for unmanned aerial vehicle applications.
在过去几十年里，人们提出了不同的成像解决方案，旨在进行三维（3D）空间重建和障碍物检测，这些方案要么基于立体视觉原理，使用在光谱可见光部分工作的有源像素传感器，要么基于应用飞行时间原理的有源近红外（NIR）照明，这里仅举几例。如果考虑到基于硅的探测器解决方案所产生的近红外有源照明的极低量子效率，再加上在户外应用中由背景照明伴随瑞利散射效应产生的巨大光子噪声水平，那么这些系统在恶劣天气条件下的运行限制就很明显了，特别是在使用相对低功率有源照明的情况下。如果应用更长波长的有源照明来克服这些问题，基于铟镓砷（InGaAs）的光电探测器就成为首选技术，而对于低成本解决方案，使用单个InGaAs光电探测器或InGaAs线传感器则成为一个很有前景的选择。在这种情况下，单像素成像（SPI）和压缩感知原理就变得至关重要。因此，在本文中，我们回顾并比较了已报道的不同SPI发展情况。我们涵盖了各种SPI系统架构、调制方法、图案生成和重建算法、嵌入式系统方法以及二维/三维图像重建方法。此外，我们还介绍了一种近红外单像素成像（NIR - SPI）传感器，旨在用于无人机应用，在户外条件下检测静态和动态物体。
