Namaki Malek, Habibzadeh Shahram, Vaez Hamid, Arzanlou Mohsen, Safarirad Somayeh, Bazghandi Seyed Ali, Sahebkar Amirhossein, Khademi Farzad
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Mol Biol Rep. 2022 Mar;49(3):2149-2155. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-07032-2. Epub 2021 Dec 1.
Biocides are frequently used as preservative, disinfectant and sterilizer against many microorganisms in hospitals, industry and home. However, the reduced susceptibility rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains to biocides is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four frequently used biocides against P. aeruginosa and to determine the prevalence of genes involved in biocide resistance.
A total of 76 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa strains were used in the present study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four biocides, i.e. chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride, triclosan and formaldehyde, against P. aeruginosa strains were determined using agar dilution method. In addition, the prevalence of biocide resistance genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
In the present study, the highest MIC and MIC (epidemiological cut-off) values were observed for benzalkonium chloride (1024 μg/mL), followed by formaldehyde (512 μg/mL), triclosan (512 μg/mL) and chlorhexidine digluconate (64 μg/mL). Furthermore, the prevalence of qacEΔ1, qacE, qacG, fabV, cepA and fabI genes were 73.7% (n = 56), 26.3% (n = 20), 11.8% (n = 9), 84.2% (n = 64), 81.5% (n = 62) and 0% (n = 0), respectively. A significant association was observed between the presence of biocide resistance genes and MICs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant association between the presence of biocide resistance genes and antibiotic resistance (p > 0.05), except for levofloxacin and norfloxacin antibiotics and qacE and qacG genes (p < 0.05).
Our results revealed that chlorhexidine digluconate is the most effective biocide against P. aeruginosa isolates in Ardabil hospitals. However, we recommend continuous monitoring of the antimicrobial activity of biocides and the prevalence of biocide-associated resistance genes for a better prevention of microorganism dissemination and infection control in hospitals.
杀生剂经常被用作防腐剂、消毒剂和杀菌剂，用于对抗医院、工业和家庭中的多种微生物。然而，铜绿假单胞菌菌株对杀生剂的敏感性降低率正在上升。本研究的目的是评估四种常用杀生剂对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌活性，并确定参与杀生剂抗性的基因的流行情况。
本研究共使用了76株铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株。采用琼脂稀释法测定了四种杀生剂，即葡萄糖酸氯己定、苯扎氯铵、三氯生和甲醛对铜绿假单胞菌菌株的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。此外，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法测定了杀生剂抗性基因的流行情况。
在本研究中，苯扎氯铵的最高MIC和MIC（流行病学临界值）值最高（1024μg/mL），其次是甲醛（512μg/mL）、三氯生（512μg/mL）和葡萄糖酸氯己定（64μg/mL）。此外，qacEΔ1、qacE、qacG、fabV、cepA和fabI基因的流行率分别为73.7%（n = 56）、26.3%（n = 20）、11.8%（n = 9）、84.2%（n = 64）、81.5%（n = 62）和0%（n = 0）。在杀生剂抗性基因的存在与MIC之间观察到显著关联（p < 0.05）。此外，除左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星抗生素与qacE和qacG基因外，杀生剂抗性基因的存在与抗生素抗性之间没有显著关联（p > 0.05）（p < 0.0）。
我们的结果表明，葡萄糖酸氯己定是阿尔达比勒医院中对铜绿假单胞菌分离株最有效的杀生剂。然而，我们建议持续监测杀生剂的抗菌活性和杀生剂相关抗性基因的流行情况以便更好地预防医院中的微生物传播和感染控制。
