Ramprashad F, Landolt J P, Money K E, Laufer J
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1986;427:1-42.
Morphometric measurements were made from serial sections of the vestibular system in four classes of vertebrates: Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia, and Pisces. Representative species of reptile studied were the lizard (Gekko gecko), the common garter snake (Thamnophis sp.), and the common turtle (Chelonia sp.). The budgie (Melopsittacus undulatas), the common pigeon (Columba domestica), the yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), and the horned owl (Bubo virginianus) were chosen as representative of the bird. For the amphibian, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and the mud puppy (Necturus maculatus) were chosen for study. As representative of the fish, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), the tilapia (Tilapia mossambica), the guppy (Lebistes sp.), and the sea horse (Hippocampus sp.) were used in these measurements. The morphometric data obtained were then used in estimates of the time constants in the Steinhausen equation which describes the biophysics of fluid flow in the semicircular canals. In general, the time constants (theta/II in the Steinhausen equation) of these representatives of Reptilia, Aves, and Amphibia were of magnitude similar to those reported in mammals, despite the dissimilarities in the diameters of the ducts, the duct radii of curvature, the dimensions of the cristae ampullares and the utricle, and volumes of endolymph within the vestibular system. However, the short-time constants in Pisces were larger (therefore providing a slower response) than those in other vertebrates, and were similar to that of the turtle and the mud puppy.
对四类脊椎动物（爬行纲、鸟纲、两栖纲和鱼纲）前庭系统的连续切片进行了形态测量。所研究的代表性爬行动物物种有蜥蜴（壁虎）、普通束带蛇（束带蛇属）和普通龟（龟鳖属）。虎皮鹦鹉（虎皮鹦鹉）、家鸽（家鸽）、黄腹吸汁啄木鸟（黄腹吸汁啄木鸟）和角鸮（大角鸮）被选为鸟类的代表。对于两栖动物，选择豹蛙（豹蛙）和泥螈（泥螈）进行研究。作为鱼类的代表，金鱼（鲫鱼）、罗非鱼（莫桑比克罗非鱼）、孔雀鱼（食蚊鱼属）和海马（海马属）被用于这些测量。然后，将获得的形态测量数据用于估计斯坦豪森方程中的时间常数，该方程描述了半规管内流体流动的生物物理学。一般来说，尽管导管直径、导管曲率半径、壶腹嵴和椭圆囊的尺寸以及前庭系统内内淋巴的体积存在差异，但这些爬行纲、鸟纲和两栖纲代表动物的时间常数（斯坦豪森方程中的θ/II）与哺乳动物中报道的时间常数大小相似。然而，鱼纲的短时间常数比其他脊椎动物的大（因此反应较慢），并且与龟和泥螈的相似。
