Department of Economics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
Akdeniz University, Social Science Institute, Antalya, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(18):26613-26630. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17801-y. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
We aim at analyzing the influence of incentive policies on renewable energy deployment in European Union countries and Turkey over the 2000-2018 period. Applying both panel fixed effect and the dynamic panel estimation methods, we compared the results of these two different techniques. Moreover, we included "net metering" that has not been analyzed before, in our policy toolkit, that includes a large number of incentives. Our data cover longer time series than the previous studies in the literature, and it provides new results of different renewable energy policies and drivers for analyzed countries. Empirical findings show that while grants, Research and Development, tax, certification, and policy support have positive and statistically significant impacts on the renewable energy capacity, direct investments, loan, and net metering instruments have no stimulating effect on the renewable energy deployment. These results indicate the deterrent impact of regulations and direct investments on capacity of electricity generated from renewable energy. Moreover, our estimation results reveal that fossil energy consumption, nuclear energy, and GDP are important drivers of renewable energy deployment while net import (energy security) and CO emissions are not. Our study highlights the importance of research and development activities, tax incentives, and efficient policy design in transition to green economy in the countries analyzed. Following the detailed discussion of the results, possible policy implications are presented at the end of the study.
我们旨在分析 2000 年至 2018 年间激励政策对欧盟国家和土耳其可再生能源部署的影响。应用面板固定效应和动态面板估计方法，我们比较了这两种不同技术的结果。此外，我们在政策工具包中纳入了以前没有分析过的“净计量”，其中包括大量激励措施。我们的数据涵盖的时间序列比文献中的先前研究更长，为分析国家的不同可再生能源政策和驱动因素提供了新的结果。实证结果表明，虽然赠款、研发、税收、认证和政策支持对可再生能源容量具有积极和统计上显著的影响，但直接投资、贷款和净计量工具对可再生能源部署没有刺激作用。这些结果表明，监管和直接投资对可再生能源发电容量具有抑制作用。此外，我们的估计结果表明，化石能源消费、核能和 GDP 是可再生能源部署的重要驱动因素，而净进口（能源安全）和 CO2 排放则不是。我们的研究强调了研究和开发活动、税收激励和在分析国家向绿色经济过渡中进行有效政策设计的重要性。在详细讨论结果之后，研究结束时提出了可能的政策含义。
