Sucker formation in a bigfin reef squid: Comparison between arms and tentacles.

Cephalopods have acquired numerous novelties and expanded their habitats to various marine environments as highly agile predators. Among cephalopod novelties, multiple arms are used for complex behaviors, including prey capture. Suckers on arms are innovative features for realizing these arm functions. In addition, tentacles in Decapodiformes (squids and cuttlefishes) are arms specialized in prey capture and tentacular suckers show unique morphologies. However, little is known about the developmental process of sucker formation that should differ between tentacles and other arms. In this study, therefore, sucker formation processes on second arms and tentacles were observed and compared in a bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, to reveal the developmental processes forming the unique sucker morphologies, especially in tentacles. Morphological and histological observations of suckers during embryogenesis showed that, in second arms, the sucker-producing area appeared at the most distal part. At the most proximal side of the sucker-producing area, new sucker buds were isolated by invagination of the epithelial tissue. At the proximal arm parts, suckers with functional structures were observed. In tentacles, although the basic sucker formation pattern was similar to that in second arms, sucker formation started at earlier embryonic stages and the number of suckers was drastically increased compared to that in second arms. In addition, although four sucker rows were observed at the tentacular club, that is, the thickest part of a tentacle, our observations suggested that two sets of two sucker rows are compressed to form the four rows. Therefore, the sucker-formation processes are temporally and spatially different between arms and tentacles. In addition, S. lessoniana shows conserved and unique patterns of sucker formation in comparison with previously described species, suggesting that sucker formation patterns were diversified among Decapodiformes lineages.