Enhanced microalgal toxicity due to polystyrene nanoplastics and cadmium co-exposure: From the perspective of physiological and metabolomic profiles.

As important emerging contaminants, nanoplastics can act as vectors for other environmental pollutants, resulting in their migration throughout ecosystems and altering their toxicity. In this study, the fluorescent dye label aggravated the toxicity of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (100 nm diameter particles) to microalgae Euglena gracilis. Therefore, the toxicity of non-fluorescent labelled PS alone and in combination with divalent cadmium (Cd) on Euglena gracilis in the environmentally relevant concentrations was investigated. Results revealed that co-exposure to 50 μg/L (1.1 × 10 particles/L) PS and 50 μg/L Cd resulted in synergistic effects, significantly inhibiting microalgal growth by 28.76%. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and extracellular polymeric substances were distinctly enhanced in co-exposure treatments compared to the control, indicating that cellular antioxidant defense responses were activated. LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis suggested that PS and Cd exposure alone or in combination induced significant disruption to carbohydrate and purine metabolism-related pathways, as compared to controls. As part of the PS and Cd stress response, differential metabolites involved in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism provide antioxidants and cell membrane protective molecules. Overall, this combined physiological and metabolomic analysis approach provides a better understanding of the potential risks posed by nanoplastics and heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.