Zelle Heather, Kelley Sharon, Agee Elisha R, Siebert W Luke
Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, P.O. Box 800660, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800660, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Int J Law Psychiatry. 2022 Jan-Feb;80:101750. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101750. Epub 2021 Dec 1.
An area of psychology-law research and policy that requires increased attention is the use of force during encounters with someone in mental health crisis. Cases in which law enforcement officer (LEO) intervention during a mental health crisis leads to injury or death of the person in crisis underscore the need to understand what behaviors and circumstances are relevant in excessive force litigation, what concepts may benefit from empirical research, and what facets of policies and precedent may require modification. In particular, the current national and international attention to the United States' external mechanisms of control over police conduct (i.e., criminal and civil proceedings against officers) suggests that excessive force jurisprudence is ripe for examination of its utility and fairness in shaping how police should interact with people with mental illness. Excessive force jurisprudence contains complex legal standards with which many psychology-law practitioners, researchers, and even policymakers are likely unfamiliar, however. The current paper explicates external methods of control over police conduct in the United States by reviewing excessive force jurisprudence and identifying points in need of research and policy attention.
心理学与法律研究及政策中一个需要更多关注的领域是在应对处于心理健康危机中的人时使用武力的情况。在心理健康危机期间执法人员（LEO）的干预导致处于危机中的人受伤或死亡的案例凸显了理解在过度使用武力诉讼中哪些行为和情况是相关的、哪些概念可能从实证研究中受益以及政策和先例的哪些方面可能需要修改的必要性。特别是，当前国内和国际对美国控制警察行为的外部机制（即对警察的刑事和民事诉讼）的关注表明，过度使用武力的判例法在审视其在塑造警察应如何与精神疾病患者互动方面的效用和公平性方面已经成熟。然而，过度使用武力的判例法包含许多心理学与法律从业者、研究人员甚至政策制定者可能不熟悉的复杂法律标准。本文通过回顾过度使用武力的判例法并确定需要研究和政策关注的要点，阐述了美国控制警察行为的外部方法。
