Tyler Tom R, Goff Phillip Atiba, MacCoun Robert J
Yale Law School, Yale University Department of Psychology, Yale University
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2015 Dec;16(3):75-109. doi: 10.1177/1529100615617791.
The May 2015 release of the report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in America. That change has moved discussions away from a focus on what is legal or effective in crime control and toward a concern for how the actions of the police influence public trust and confidence in the police. This shift in discourse has been motivated by two factors-first, the recognition by public officials that increases in the professionalism of the police and dramatic declines in the rate of crime have not led to increases in police legitimacy, and second, greater awareness of the limits of the dominant coercive model of policing and of the benefits of an alternative and more consensual model based on public trust and confidence in the police and legal system. Psychological research has played an important role in legitimating this change in the way policymakers think about policing by demonstrating that perceived legitimacy shapes a set of law-related behaviors as well as or better than concerns about the risk of punishment. Those behaviors include compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. These findings demonstrate that legal authorities gain by a focus on legitimacy. Psychological research has further contributed by articulating and demonstrating empirical support for a central role of procedural justice in shaping legitimacy, providing legal authorities with a clear road map of strategies for creating and maintaining public trust. Given evidence of the benefits of legitimacy and a set of guidelines concerning its antecedents, policymakers have increasingly focused on the question of public trust when considering issues in policing. The acceptance of a legitimacy-based consensual model of police authority building on theories and research studies originating within psychology illustrates how psychology can contribute to the development of evidence-based policies in the field of criminal law.
2015年5月发布的《21世纪警务总统特别工作组报告》突出了美国警务讨论中主导问题的一个根本变化。这一变化使讨论从关注犯罪控制中的合法性或有效性，转向关注警察行动如何影响公众对警察的信任和信心。这种话语转变受到两个因素的推动：第一，公职人员认识到警察职业化程度的提高和犯罪率的大幅下降并未导致警察合法性的提高；第二，人们更加意识到主导的强制性警务模式的局限性，以及基于公众对警察和法律制度的信任和信心的另一种更具共识性模式的好处。心理学研究通过证明感知到的合法性塑造了一系列与法律相关的行为，并且在塑造这些行为方面与对惩罚风险的担忧一样有效甚至更有效，在使政策制定者对警务的思考方式发生这种变化方面发挥了重要作用。这些行为包括守法和与法律当局合作。这些发现表明，法律当局通过关注合法性而受益。心理学研究还通过阐明并展示程序正义在塑造合法性方面的核心作用的实证支持，进一步做出了贡献，为法律当局提供了一套创建和维护公众信任的清晰战略路线图。鉴于合法性的好处以及关于其前提条件的一系列指导方针的证据，政策制定者在考虑警务问题时越来越关注公众信任问题。基于心理学内部产生的理论和研究，接受基于合法性的警察权威共识模式，说明了心理学如何能够为刑法领域基于证据的政策发展做出贡献。
