Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2022 Sep;97(3):293-302. doi: 10.1111/cen.14642. Epub 2021 Dec 5.
Age of menarche is a determinant factor of cardiometabolic risk, adiposity and stature at adulthood. However, little is known about the transgenerational effects of age of menarche, especially beyond childhood of any offspring, and the studies remain limited to anthropometric outcomes in children at birth or before adolescence. In the present study, we aim to investigate the relationship of maternal age at menarche (MAM) with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the young adult offspring (aged 15-35 years) in a Persian population.
DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: In this cohort-based cross-sectional study, we recruited 1139 mother-young adult dyads enroled in Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) at adult RCS (aged 35-70 years) and youth RCS (aged 15-35 years) as part of the comprehensive PERSIAN (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN). In this study, MAM was categorized to early (MAM < 12 years), normal (12 ≤ MAM ≤ 14) and late menarche (MAM > 14 years). For these analyses, bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationships between late or early MAM and offspring anthropometric and metabolic parameters.
Early MAM displayed a significant association with an increased odds ratio (OR) of tall stature adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status index, maternal age at birth and maternal height (as genetically determined factor). Sensitivity analysis by sex indicated this relationship to be specific to male offspring only (adjusted OR: 1.84 95% CI: 1.13-3.00, p value: .014). In addition, late MAM displayed a significant association with reduced OR of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in daughters only (obesity adjusted OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.88, p value: .018, abdominal obesity adjusted OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23-0.82, p value: .010). dose-response analysis by categorization of MAM, further supported our results. On the contrary, our analyses do not support a significant relationship between MAM and youth metabolic indices, that is, metabolic syndrome, fasting blood sugar (FBS), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG).
The results of the present study indicate an association of maternal age of menarche with anthropometric measures of offspring in young adulthood in a sex differential manner. The data does not support a significant relationship between the metabolic indices FBS, TG and HDL in offspring with MAM. Overall, this study provides evidence for the intergenerational effects of age at menarche in the development of anthropometric measures in offspring in young adulthood (15-35), which is the first study of this kind in this age range.
初潮年龄是心血管代谢风险、成年时肥胖和身高的决定因素。然而，关于初潮年龄的代际影响知之甚少，特别是在任何后代的儿童期之后，而且这些研究仍然仅限于出生或青春期前儿童的人体测量结果。本研究旨在调查伊朗前瞻性流行病学研究（PERSIAN）中拉夫桑詹队列研究（RCS）中成年 RCS（35-70 岁）和青年 RCS（15-35 岁）中母亲初潮年龄（MAM）与年轻成年后代（15-35 岁）的人体测量和代谢参数之间的关系。
设计、患者和测量：在这项基于队列的横断面研究中，我们招募了 1139 对母子对，他们参加了拉夫桑詹队列研究（RCS）中的成年 RCS（35-70 岁）和青年 RCS（15-35 岁），作为全面的伊朗前瞻性流行病学研究（PERSIAN）的一部分。在这项研究中，MAM 分为早期（MAM<12 岁）、正常（12≤MAM≤14 岁）和晚期初潮（MAM>14 岁）。对于这些分析，使用双变量和多因素逻辑回归模型来研究晚初潮或早初潮与后代人体测量和代谢参数之间的关系。
早期 MAM 与身高的比值比（OR）显著相关，调整了性别、年龄、社会经济地位指数、母亲出生时的年龄和母亲的身高（作为遗传决定因素）。按性别进行的敏感性分析表明，这种关系仅存在于男性后代中（调整后的 OR：1.84，95%CI：1.13-3.00，p 值：.014）。此外，晚初潮与女儿中超重/肥胖和腹型肥胖的 OR 降低显著相关，仅（肥胖调整的 OR：0.49，95%CI：0.27-0.88，p 值：.018，腹型肥胖调整的 OR：0.44，95%CI：0.23-0.82，p 值：.010）。按 MAM 分类的剂量反应分析进一步支持了我们的结果。相反，我们的分析不支持 MAM 与青年代谢指数之间的显著关系，即代谢综合征、空腹血糖（FBS）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和甘油三酯（TG）。
本研究结果表明，母亲的初潮年龄与成年早期后代的人体测量指标呈性别差异相关。数据不支持 FBS、TG 和 HDL 等代谢指数与 MAM 之间存在显著关系。总的来说，这项研究为初潮年龄在后代成年早期（15-35 岁）人体测量指标发育中的代际影响提供了证据，这是该年龄范围内的第一项此类研究。
